Week 9 - Parenting & Achievement I Flashcards
(33 cards)
American parents’ parental involvement is associated less with ____, and more with _______.
control, autonomy support
In both US and China, higher parental involvement predicted _______ and ________.
child’s increased engagement and achievement
but higher parental involvement predicted ________ and _________ more strongly in the US than in China.
self-perceptions of competence, positive emotional functioning
What is the American’s view of learning? (2)
1) Knowledge is gained primarily to understand the world, develop one’s skills and accomplish one’s goals
2) Learning is about acquiring knowledge through individual attributes that are relatively fixed.
What do American parents emphasize in their parental involvement?
Emphasis on cultivating a sense of autonomy in children, and developing the ‘whole child’ - academic, emotional, social adjustment.
What is the Chinese view of learning?
Regarded as a moral endeavor involving continual self-improvement to attain moral ideals (Eg. persistence, concentration, enduring hardship)
According to Chinese culture, what is the role of parents in children’s learning?
Children’s learning is seen as parents’ responsibility, reflected in notion of ‘guan’. To Guan means to love and to govern, such that children will meet societal expectations. Heightened monitoring seen as an act of love. Hence Chinese parents spend more time with children on learning-related activities.
Comparing US vs Chinese parents, what is the differnece in their quality of parental involvement?
US - emphasis on autonomy support, dampened control. less structure and intrusiveness
Chinese - heightened control, less autonomy support.
What is psychological control?
Attempts to intrude on the psychological and emotional development of the child.
What are the cultural differences as to how psychological control is perceived in the US and Chinese culture?
US - negative connotation
China - positive connotation (seen as “good parenting”)
In what ways does parental involvement foster child’s achievement? (3)
1) develop their skills and providing support
2) highlight the value of learning (fostering engagement)
3) enhance their own perceptions of competence
What entails children’s engagement?
investment in school, time spent on homework, use of self-regulated learning strategies.
Describe the trend for quantity of parents’ involvement over 7th - 8th grade.
1) American parents generally less involved in children’s learning that Chinese parents from 7th to 8th grade.
2) BUT parents’ involvement declined similarly in the 2 countries. Parents’ involvement did not decline more for Americans.
What is the trend for quality of parents’ involvement for both Chinese and American parents?
Higher parental involvement is associated with being more autonomy supportive. But stronger association for American parents than Chinese parents.
For Chinese parents, higher involvement is associated with what?
higher psychological control and more autonomy support. both associations were similar in size
For American parents, higher involvement is associated with what?
Associations between involvement and psychological control is SMALLER than association between involvement and autonomy support.
What are the effects of parents’ involvement on children’s engagement and achievement in both US and China?
parents involvement predicted greater subsequent engagement and achievement.
(engagement - investment, time spent on schoolwork, self-regulated learning strategies)
What are the effects of parents’ involvement on child’s perceptions of competence and positive emotional functioning?
parents involvement had more positive effects on children’s perceptions of competence and emotional functioning in the US compared to China.
What were cultural difference in effects of parents’ involvement on child’s perceptions of competence and positive emotional functioning due to?
due to differences in psychological control and autonomy support. after taking into account both psychological control and autonomy support, differences were considerably reduced such that they no longer differed.
What was one surprising finding about Chinese parents’ involvement? What is one possible reason for it ?
That it was positively associated with autonomy support.
Parents may use multiple approaches to optimise children’s learning. They may use a combination of psychological control and autonomy support to ensure that children act responsibility on their own to meet expectations. Could be controlling in some aspects but autonomy supportive in other aspects.
What are 3 types of school engagement?
1) behavioral engagement (classroom involvement, effort on schoolwork)
2) cognitive engagement (Attention, planning, monitoring)
3) affective engagement (interest, motivation, enthusiasm for learning)
Describe the changes in children’s engagement over schooling years.
Overall decline from elementary school to middle to high school, regardless of subject.
What are the 3 key reasons explaining children’s decline in engagement over schooling years?
1) stage-environment fit theory
2) perceived norm of engagement
3) being cool
4) change in children’s conceptions of ability
Describe the stage-environment fit theory.
Mismatch between changes in school environment and children’s needs.
School Environment vs Adolescents
1) adult controlled, more rules and structure desire for autonomy, have their own thoughts
2) greater emphasis on strict evaluation, streaming, social comparison concern with negative evaluation, heightened self-awareness
3) formal instruction; learning is less interesting competing interests
