Week 9 (Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannus, Thucydides' Histories and the Peloponnesian War)

Question 1

Sophocles lived c. 496-406 BC: was once a public _________, strategos, and commissioner for the ________ state reform in 413 BC. In total, he wrote c. ___ plays

Answer 1

treasurer
Athenian
120

Question 2

Sophocles contributions: introduced the _rd actor, increase chorus size from 12 to __ members.
Inaugurated ______ backdrops.
Known for his “______ plays” about Oedipus and his family, that question traditional Greek ______ with moral conundrums.

Answer 2

3rd
15
painted
Theban
values

Question 3

Main themes of Oedipus Tyrannus:
1) fate/destiny - it is ___________
2) Consequences - uphold the law
3) Respect for the gods
4) Personality flaws - hubris and anger (what makes a ____?)

Answer 3

1) inescapable
4) hero

Question 4

Thebes’ problems beginning of play
1) plague
2) drought
3) death of livestock
4) women’s inability to bear children
The ______ at Delphi tells Oedipus the problems have been caused by blood __________, or the unavenged murder of King Laios

Answer 4

pythia
pollution

Question 5

Tiresias tells Oedipus he is the problem: Oedipus becomes _____ with Tiresias and accuses him of ________ with Kreon.

Answer 5

angry
plotting

Question 6

his burst of anger is reflective of the Homeric trait, defending his _____, and above all else, Oedipus still ___________ the city.

Answer 6

honor
prioritizes

Question 7

Kreon attempts to guide Oedipus through ______; Sophocles is capturing the contemporary intellectualism in ______, reflecting the democratic systems of Athens with subtlety.

Answer 7

reason
Athens

Question 8

Jokasta relates the prophecy given to Laios; Oedipus begins to connect Laios’ death with killing a group of men where the _____ highways meet.

Answer 8

three

Question 9

Jokasta realizes that Oedipus is her own ___ when the messenger from _______ relates that baby Oedipus had _________ feet.

Answer 9

son
Corinth
punctured

Question 10

Jokasta _____ herself, and Oedipus ______ himself. He reflects on the gods and fate, before leaving he gives thought to his ________. Chorus have the _____ words of the play, words of wisdom for the audience.

Answer 10

kills
blinds
children
final

Question 11

Thucydides was an elite Athenian born c. 460 BC
- he was a _______ in the Northern Aegean at Amphipolis during the Second Peloponnesian War, but exiled in 424 BC.

Answer 11

general

Question 12

-Unlike Hesiod & Homer, Thucydides was not concerned with ____ or myth: very human centric view.
- He utilized a mix of textual, material, and eyewitness sources (ex. debate in the ________ assembly).
- utilization of factually based, yet _________ speeches.

Answer 12

gods
Athenian
fictional

Question 13

Causes of the Second Peloponnesian War
- renewed hostilities: the Aegean is divided into ___ larger hostile camps, the pro-__________ vs. the the pro-_________.
- 435-433 BC: the democratic faction of Epidamnus, the colony of Corcyra, which was in turn the colony of _______, asks for help from Corcyra

Answer 13

two
pro-oligarchic, pro-democratic

Question 14

Causes of the Second Peloponnesian War Continued
- 435-433 BC: the democratic faction of Epidamnus, the colony of Corcyra, which was in turn the colony of _______, asks for help from Corcyra, but it declined. Epidamnus appeals to _______ instead. Corcyra allies with ______, ultimately earning victory over _______.

Answer 14

Corinth
Corinth
Athens
Corinth

Question 15

-433-432 BC: Tensions continue between Athens & Corinth. Athens orders that Potidaea dismiss their ___________ magistrates, and submit. The Athenian siege of Potidaea takes until 430 BC.

Answer 15

Corinthian

Question 16

432 BC- ______ bars _______, a member of the Peloponnesian League, from all Delian League ports, known as the _________ decree.
Trigger of the war: Thebes, member of the Peloponnesian League, attacks _______, considered a heinous attack on a Panhellenic heritage site.
Sparta & Athens go to war, Sparta justifying that they’re fighting to “free Greece” from the Athenian empire

Answer 16

Athens, Megara
Megarian
Plataea

Question 17

The Archidamian War (431-421 BC)
- The Peloponnesian League invades Attica
- _______’ plan: Athenian citizens take refuge in ______, and use the navy to hassle the cities along the Peloponnesian coast.

Answer 17

Pericles’
Athens

Question 18

A devastating ______ befalls Athens, accounting for the death of / of the Athenian population, including ________ in 429 BC.

Answer 18

plague
1/3
Pericles

Question 19

The death of ________ ushers in the rise of demagogues, similar to that of a tyrant, except they work within a _________ instead of an _________. An example would be _____ in the 420s BC.

Answer 19

Pericles
democracy, oligarchy
Cleon

Question 20

Revolt of Mytilene (Delian League member) & other cities on Lesbos (427 BC): The Athenian assembly votes to ____ all men and ____ all women and children into slavery. The decision is ultimately reversed, only the ringleaders are killed. Cleon _________ the first decision, believing the new decision was soft (better to enforce a bad law consistently, than enforce a good law loosely).

Answer 20

kill
sell
supported

Question 21

424 BC: Athenian garrison at Pylos traps 420 Spartan hoplites on the island of Sphacteria. Cleon taunts the strategos ______, leading the Athenians to victory and capturing 292 Spartan war hostages.
-Brasidas, Spartan general, takes Amphipolis
422 BC: After a one year armistice, the Spartans & Athenians meet in battle at Amphipolis, where both ________ and _____ die in battle.

Answer 21

Nicias
Brasidas and Cleon

Question 22

421 BC: Peace of ______ is proposed, where Athens retains its empire before the war and regain Amphipolis; Sparta would regain Pylos, Cythera, and prisoners of war. However, ______’s allies deny the treaty, seeing that no substantial damage had been dealt to the Athenian Empire.

Answer 22

Nicias

Question 23

Destruction of _____ (416 BC): the Athenian leader __________ persuades the Athenians to coerce _____ to join the Delian league, the assembly agrees. Melos looks to _____ for help, but they don’t. Consequently, Athens puts all men to death, and sells all women & children on _____ into slavery. Unlike Mytilene, _____ was a neutral state; thus, the attitude towards Athens is negatively impacted.

Answer 23

Melos
Alcibiades
Melos
Sparta
Melos
Melos

Question 24

The Sicilian Expedition (415-413 BC): The Athenian ally Segesta in Sicily asks for support against Selinous, who’re backed by Syracuse and Corinth; Alcibiades is ___ war, Nicias is _______ war.
- Alcibiades supposed to go to war as strategos, but he’s recalled for mutiliating the _____ the night before the expedition. He defects to ______.

Answer 24

for, against
herms
Sparta

Question 25

Sicilian Expedition = massive _______ - One strategos is killed, leaving just Nicias - Segesta has little support to offer - Nicias moves the Athenian fleet to Syracuse harbor, attempts a blockade. The Athenian land forces fail (mostly due to Spartan help from general Gylippus), and the fleet delays leaving for Athens. -Fleet is destroyed, and 40,000 Athenian survivors are captured by Syracuse.

Answer 25

failure

Question 26

-The failed Sicilian Expedition greatly reduces Athens' ________ strength and finances, creating an _________ for revolt in Delian League subjugates. -Alcibiades returns to Athens, promises "_______ gold" from the satrap Tissaphernes in the South, doesn't come to fruition. - 411 BC: the ________ and _____ are dissolute; creation of the new ruling body of the _______ of ____ _______.

Answer 26

military incentive Persian assembly and boule Council of Four Hundred

Question 27

-Council of _,___ follows the Council of Four Hundred, recalling exiled oligarchs -_________ is temporarily restored in 410 BC, members of the _,___ are still influential

Answer 27

5,000 Democracy 5,000

Question 28

End of the War (407-404 BC) - Battle of Arginusae (406 BC): Athenians defeat the Spartans, however, the Athenian strategoi fail to save floating casualties in the water, these generals were _________ for their incompetence back home. -Battle of Aegospotami (405 BC): Spartan general ________ leads the Spartan fleet in capturing most of the Athenian navy and land force.

Answer 28

executed Lysander

Question 29

End of the War Continued -Lysander sails to _______, and he supports __________ coups in Delian League cities; Athens is defeated - Athens is spared destruction, but new treaty cripples them: they're prohibited from having a _____, they must tear down the "____ _____", and installation of pro-Spartan oligarchy known as the ______ _______.

Answer 29

Piraeus oligarchic fleet "Long Walls" Thirty Tyrants