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SocW 586 > Week Four > Flashcards

Week Four Flashcards

1
Q

Findings of the Pandya study on schizophrenia

A
  • Many people with diagnosis are well aware of social stigma
  • Women are more open with their spouse/significant other while men are more open with employers and police
  • only 39% disclose in place of worship
  • Large amount say they have a hard time getting treatment for medical problems when doctors know diagnosis (stigma of healthcare professionals strongly suspected of playing a role in premature mortality)
  • Women report receiving poor medical care and not being taken seriously
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2
Q

four dimensions of framework for categorizing associations between psychosis and risk factors

A

1) exposure to individual-level social factors linked to psychosis
2) exposure to ecological-level social factors linked to psychosis
3) the interaction between individual and ecological social factors
4) time

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3
Q

Individual social risk factors linked to psychosis

A
  • use of certain drugs
  • racial discrimination
  • bullying
  • psychological trauma in childhood
  • separation from parents
  • etc
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4
Q

Ecological social risk factors linked to psychosis

A

risk on a population basis

  • city birth and city living
  • famine
  • social cohesion
  • social fragmentation
  • minority groups living in areas with low population densities of their group
  • migrants
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5
Q

Interaction between individual and ecological social risk factors linked to psychosis

A

one may amplify the other. EX: individual use of Cannabis, living in a community where Cannabis is highly available.

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6
Q

Possible explanations for different diagnostic rates of schizophrenia between whites and blacks

A
  • Misdiagnosis
  • differential application of the diagnostic standard (particularly when there is symptom overlap). differential usage plus disregard for issues of culture and communication may cause unreliable diagnosis
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7
Q

Results of the teirweiler study

A
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8
Q

What are the three sections of the brain?

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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9
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

the brain stem, cerebellum, and pons

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10
Q

What is the brain stem responsible for?

A

links the brain to the spinal cord and is primarily occupied with the maintenance of involuntary life-support functions

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11
Q

What are the subsections of the brain stem?

A

medulla oblongata (base) - regulates vital function, including arousal, heartbeat, respiration, blood flow, muscle tone, movement of intestines

Pons (just under the midbrain)
-links various areas of the brain to each other and to the central nervous system

Reticular formation (travels the full length and center of brain stem)
- nerve fibers from this system extend down the spinal cord and control the position and tension of muscles
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12
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

(located behind brain stem) receives information from the muscles and joints, the organs of balance, the skin, and the eyes and ears. It controls bodily functions operating below the level of consciousness such as posture, balance, movement through space. Memory for simple learned responses may be stored here as well

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13
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

(located just above brain stem)
monitors and integrates various sensory functions and serves as a center of visual and auditory stimulation.
All info passed between the brain and the spinal cord travels through the midbrain

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14
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

The largest section of the brain. Consists of the limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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15
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

group of cell structures in the center of the brain, creates emotions. Manifests the body’s homeostasis.

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16
Q

What are parts of the limbic system?

A

hypothalamus and thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus

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17
Q

hypothalamus?

A

major component of the limbic system. Monitors information coming from the autonomic nervous system and influences the body’s behavior. regulates temperature, balance, appetite.

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18
Q

thalamus

A

a mass of gray matter located near the center of the forebrain, relays sensory information from the body to the brain. switching station for sensory information and involved in memory

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19
Q

hippocampus

A

center of learning, converts information from short-term to long-term memory

20
Q

Basal ganglia

A

(located on both sides of limbic system)

connects the cerebral cortex to other parts of the brain and help regulate skeletal muscle movements

21
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest portion of the human brain and facilitates highest intellectual functions. Center of emotion, memory, reasoning, abstract thought, and judgment. allows us to organize, remember, communicate, understand, create. Divided into two halves (each controls opposite side of body)
includes cerebral cortex

22
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

composed of four sets of lobs (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital)

23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

(largest) personality, emotion, reasoning, learning, and speech. In charge of motor control and (fine & gross). Also involved in decision making and planning.

24
Q

temporal lobes

A

affect gross motor skills and integration of sensory input. hearing, perception, and memory storage

25
Q

parietal lobes

A

centers of long-term memory and information processing, receive sensory information from the body

26
Q

occipital lobes

A

entirely devoted to processing visual input

27
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

consists of neuron pathways that extend from the medulla oblongata and spinal cord into the organs. these regulate the unconscious and involuntary activities of the internal organs and blood vessels

28
Q

subsystems of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic (functions during the expenditure of energy)

parasympathetic (prominent in the body’s buildup of energy reserves

29
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

neurons that branch into the muscles from the spinal cord. carries messages to and from the central nervous system to control voluntary muscle activity

30
Q

Neuron Structure

A

cell body is made up of lipid materal
cell membrane separates the contens of the cell from the fluid enveloping it.
Includes dendrites (short extensions which receive signals sent by other neurons.

31
Q

What events and brain functions to medications affect?

A
  1. Altering presynaptic activity to prompt neurotransmitter release
  2. Altering postsynaptic activity to affect receptor binding
  3. Interfering with normal reuptake processes
  4. altering the manufacture of receptors
32
Q

Agonist

A

substance or medicine that binds to a receptor and stimulates the same type of cellular activity as a neurotransmitter (increasing it’s effect)

33
Q

Antagonist

A

substance or medicine that binds to a receptor but fails to stimulate its activity, decreasing the effect of a neurotransmitter

34
Q

Acetylcholine

A

released by all neurons that control the activities of the skeletal and smooth muscles, including the heartbeat.
Critical to the transmission of messages between brain and spinal cord.
Affects arousal, attention, memory, motivation, and movement.
affected by antihistamines, anti-parkinsonian drugs, and dementia medication

35
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) & Norepinephrine (excitatory transmitter)

A

neurotransmitters that regulate attention, mental focus, arousal, and cognition. an imbalance of these two can cause symptoms of anxiety, depression, premenstrual syndrome, eating disorders, insomnia, and fatigue

36
Q

Dopamine

A

regulates motor behavior and plays a role in pleasure centers of the brain.

37
Q

therapeutic index

A

the ratio of the lowest average concentration needed to produce a desired effect and the lowest average concentration that produces toxic effects

38
Q

dose response

A

measure of a drug’s therapeutic effect as a function of increasing the dose.

39
Q

Lag time

A

the time a medication takes to affect the targeted behavior

40
Q

Antipsychotic Medications

A

Mostly for those with Schizophrenia with high concentration of the neurotransmitter dopamine. blocks postsynaptic dopamine receptors

41
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Delusions

A

fixed beliefs that are not amendable to change in light of conflicting evidence. include themes such as persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, grandiose, erotomanic

42
Q

bizarre delusions

A

ones hat are clearly implausible and not understandable to same-culture peers and do not derive from ordinary life experiences

43
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Hallucinations

A

perception-like experiences that occur without an external stimulus. They are vivid and clear, with the full force and impact of normal perceptions, and not under voluntary control. auditory are most common. Voices can be familiar or not but are distinct from individual’s own voice. Must occur in a clear sensorium.

44
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Disorganized Thinking (speech)

A

Inferred from the individual’s speech. May switch from one topic to another. Answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated. Possibly incoherent (word salad). The symptom must be severe enough to substantially impair effective communication.

45
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Grossly Disorganized/Abnormal Motor Behavior

A

manifests itself in a variety of ways ranging from childlike “silliness” to unpredictable agitation. Can be noted in any form of goal-directed behavior, leading to difficulties in performing activities of daily living.

46
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Catatonic Behavior

A

marked decrease in re-activity to the environment. Ranges from resistance to instructions, to maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture, to complete lack of verbal or motor responses. Can include purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause. some features are repeated stereotyped movements, staring, grimacing, mutism, echoing of speech.

47
Q

Psychotic Disorders: Negative symptoms

A

account for a substantial portion of the morbidity associated with schizophrenia but are less prominent in other psychotic disorders.
1. diminished emotional expression: reductions in the expression of emotions in the face, eye contact, intonation of speech, movements of the hand head and face that give emphasis to speech

  1. Avolition: decrease in motivated self-initiated purposeful activities.

Others: Algoia - diminished speech output
anhedonia - decreased ability to experience pleasure from positive stimuli and degradation in recollection of previous pleasure
Asociality - apparent lack of interest in social interactions and may be associated with avolition

SocW 586 (5 decks)

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