Week Four

Question 1

Four Inputs required for Photosynthesis and Growth?

Answer 1

1. Sunlight
2. CO2
3. H2O
4. Mineral Nutrients

Question 2

Two major Outputs of Photosynthesis?

Answer 2

1. O2

2. Sucrose

Question 3

Autotrophs are…

Answer 3

Primary Producers

Question 4

Five plant organs?

Answer 4

1. Roots (anchor, draws water)
2. `Stem (structural support, carries water and protects)
3. Leaves (acquire energy)
4. Flower (sex organs)
5. Fruits (production, fertilization)

Question 5

Three types of Herbaceous Plants?

Answer 5

1. Forb (flowering plant)
2. Graminoids (grass-like morphology)
3. aquatics (can only grow in fully saturated soil or on water surface)

Question 6

Local environmental factors affecting plants?

Answer 6

1. Climate
2. Nutrient access
3. Water access and soil texture
4. Light availability
5. Herbivory

Question 7

Two most important variables affecting plants?

Answer 7

1. Temperature

2. Rainfall

Question 8

Deciduous Tree features?

Answer 8

• Higher photosynthetic rate (greater surface area to capture light)
• Can capture more energy, produce more sugars, grow faster
• Can out compete evergreens when resources are present
• More resources required to grow
• More susceptible to stress due to growth rate and metabolic demands

Question 9

Coniferous Tree features?

Answer 9

• Is photosynthetic all year long
• Does not shed leaves annually so has lower nutrient turnover requirement
• More widely spread
• Can grow in in more extreme climates (colder, dryer, nutrient poor, etc.)

Question 10

Canada Forest Ownership?

Answer 10

• 94% land publicly owed
• 4% federally owned
• 90% by provinces

Question 11

Why do Leaves change colour?

Answer 11

Leaves contain 3 colour pigments: carotene (y), anthocyanin (r), chlorophyll (g)
• Dominant pigment dictates colour, trees absorbs remaining energy as auxin lessens and colours “change”
o auxin= keeps vasculars open to allow circulation, less auxin (less sunlight)= less chlorophyll= colour change)

Question 12

What is succession? Two types?

Answer 12

• Process of environmental modification (facilitation) by organisms
o Pioneer species may give way to secondary species
o Secondary species give way to climax species

Question 13

Principle of Tolerance states:

Answer 13

o All plants grow towards the light
o Different species of trees have differing abilities to tolerate extended periods under a closed canopy
o Tolerant= ability to survive being shaded
o Intolerant¬= unable to survive shade

Question 14

First stage of Succession?

Answer 14

1. Disturbance/nudation
   o Disturbance: a change (or alteration) in an ecosystem/community
   i. Can be natural (fire, flood) or artificial (clear cutting)
   o Nudation: a new area or new surface previously without life becomes exposed or unstable

Question 15

Second stage of Succession?

Answer 15

2.	Pioneer Species
o	Rapid growth
o	Excellent dispersal (lots of seeds)
o	Excellent recovery from stress 
o	Shade-intolerant

Question 16

Third stage of Succession?

Answer 16

3. Competition
   o Plants/animals that are better suited to the environment will out-compete and replace existing species
   o There will be a change in the profile of diversity as the area develops

Question 17

Fourth stage of Succession?

Answer 17

4. Climax Community

o Stable community in a successional series

Question 18

Silviculture:

Answer 18

the application of the principles of forest ecology to a stand of trees to help meet specified objectives

Question 19

Clear-cutting:

Answer 19

90% of all trees removed. No size of breeding criteria used

Question 20

Seed Trees:

Answer 20

90% of all trees removed but large, mature breeders are specifically left for natural regeneration using seed base

Question 21

Shelterwood: 70-80% trees per acre are removed on site to provide some shelter for seedlings for the first few years

Answer 21

70-80% trees per acre are removed on site to provide some shelter for seedlings for the first few years

Question 22

Group selection:

Answer 22

20% of trees removed in group selection harvests are basically small clear-cuts

Question 23

Single Tree Selection:

Answer 23

Only single trees are removed (less than 10% of tree stand) This creates only small gaps with minimal additional light reaching ground level

Question 24

Succession on global stage:

Answer 24

• 36% old growth forests (uncut)
• 57% secondary growth
• 7% tree plantations

Question 25

St Lawrence Lowlands' Water

Answer 25

``` o High conductivity o High TDS o Sedimentary bedrock o Limestone and dolomite o Hard water o Mineral component: calcium carbonate ```

Question 26

Precambrian's Water

Answer 26

``` o Conductivity: low o TDS: low o Bedrock: igneous metamorphic o Granites and Gneiss o Soft water o Silicates ```

Question 27

Alkalinity

Answer 27

* Buffering capacity, ability neutralize acid * Measured in mg/L * Water alkalinity is 156.6 mg/L * Carbonates bind with excess hydrogen which reduces acidity and neutralizes water

Question 28

Fresh Water Ecosystems requirements?

Answer 28

1. Water 2. Nutrients 3. Solar energy 4. Oxygen 5. CO2 6. Growing temperature

Question 29

Two types of Freshwater?

Answer 29

* Lotic: moving water, high elevation, cold, high O2, trout, streamlined plants * Lentic: standing water, lower elevations, warmer, less O2, bass, amphibious cattails, rushes

Question 30

Riffle vs. Pool

Answer 30

Riffles: site of primary production Pools: site of decomposition

Question 31

Stream Organisms:

Answer 31

1. Shredders: e.g. Caddisflies, feed on coarse organic matter (leaves) 2. Collectors: e.g. black fly and midge larvae, fine organic matter (digested coarse organic matter) collected on the stream bottom 3. Grazers: e.g. beetle larvae and water penny, algal coating stones and rubble 4. Predators: e.g. Fish, feed on all other organisms

Question 32

Riparian Zone: an important and productive vegetated area near a stream which helps shade and protect a stream from erosion and flood damage

Answer 32

an important and productive vegetated area near a stream which helps shade and protect a stream from erosion and flood damage

Question 33

Zone One

Answer 33

Large Native trees provide shade and bank stabilization

Question 34

Zone Two

Answer 34

Native shrubs, this zone provides habitat for wildlife. Absorbs contaminants

Question 35

Zone Three

Answer 35

First line of defense against contaminants. Mostly native grasses, slows water runoff

Question 36

Streambed Zone

Answer 36

: Fallen limbs, trees, and tree roots, slows water flow, reduces erosion. Woody debris increases habitat and cover aquatic species

Question 37

Benefits of Beaver succession:

Answer 37

Increase biodiversity • Influence fish communities • Increase bird populations • Create habitat for species at risk

Question 38

Headwater Stream

Answer 38

o Swift, cold, forested, shaded o Primary productivity (photosynthesis) is low o Organic input is acquired from surrounding terrestrial area (dead leaves) o Mostly shredders and collectors o Predators are small, cod water fish: trout, sculpins, daters

Question 39

Midorder Stream

Answer 39

o Stream increases in width and more surface water is exposed to sunlight o Elevation declines, current slows o Water temperature increases (more sunlight, less current) o Increase in primary production by algae and rooted aquatic plants o Mostly collectors and grazers o Shift to warmer water predator species (bass, pickerel, sunfish)

Question 40

Highorder Stream

Answer 40

o Channel is wide and deep with increased volume o Current becomes slow and sediments accumulate on the bottom o Productivity declines o Mostly collectors o Fish community shifts to bottom feeders suckers, catfish, shad