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week one Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

viscosity

A

a substance’s internal resistance to flow.

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2
Q

tephra

A

rock fragments, classified by size, that are thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption and fall to the ground.

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3
Q

pyroclastic flow:

A

swift-moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption.
(stuff from volcanos) (pyro-vocano fireworks that are duds, smoke bombs)

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4
Q

pluton (PLOO tahn):* MUST KNOW THIS TO UNDERSTAND OTHER CONCEPTS!!!!!

A

intrusive igneous rock body, including batholiths, stocks, sills, and dikes, formed through mountain-building processes and oceanic-oceanic collisions; can be exposed at Earth’s surface due to uplift and erosion.

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5
Q

batholith

A

coarse-grained, irregularly-shaped pluton that covers at least 100 km2; generally forms 10–30 km below Earth’s surface; and is common in the interior of major mountain chains.

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5
Q

batholith

A

coarse-grained, irregularly-shaped pluton that covers at least 100 km2; generally forms 10–30 km below Earth’s surface; and is common in the interior of major mountain chains.

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6
Q

stock

A

irregularly shaped pluton that is similar to a batholith but smaller, generally forms 5–30 km beneath Earth’s surface, and cuts across older rocks.
\stocking bathotliths wants to be like a batholith
goes up

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6
Q

stock

A

irregularly shaped pluton that is similar to a batholith but smaller, generally forms 5–30 km beneath Earth’s surface, and cuts across older rocks.

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7
Q

laccolith (LA kuh lihth) :

A

relatively small, mushroom-shaped pluton that forms when magma intrudes into parallel rock layers close to Earth’s surface.

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8
Q

sill:

A

pluton that forms when magma intrudes parallel rock layers.

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9
Q

dike:

A

luton that cuts across preexisting rocks and often forms when magma invades cracks in surrounding rock bodies.

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10
Q

hot spot::

A

unusually hot area in Earth’s mantle where high-temperature plumes of mantle material rise toward the surface.

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11
Q

volcanism:

A

describes all the processes associated with the discharge of magma, hot water, and steam.
hot spot:

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12
Q

flood basalt:

A

huge amounts of lava that erupt from fissures.

the salt makes the vinigerVOLCANO flood

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13
Q

fissure:

A

long crack in Earth’s crust.

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14
Q

conduit

A

a tubelike structure that allows lava to reach the surface.

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15
Q

vent

A

opening in Earth’s crust through which lava erupts and flows out onto the surface.
VENTING side of volcano lets lava out

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16
Q

crater

A

bowl-shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the summit of a volcano.

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17
Q

crater

A

bowl-shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the summit of a volcano.

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18
Q

caldera

A

large crater, up to 100 km in diameter, that can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption

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19
Q

shield volcano

A

broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by non-explosive eruptions of basaltic lava that accumulates in layers.

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20
Q

cinder cone

A

broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by non-explosive eruptions of basaltic lava that accumulates in layers.
broad salt chocolate covered shouldered man gentle gaint

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21
Q

composite volcano

A

generally cone-shaped with concave slopes; built by violent eruptions of volcanic fragments and lava that accumulate in alternating layers.
( composure, cone cave, violent seasalt icecream cone, diped in alternating layers of chocolate)

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22
Q

plastic deformation

A

permenenet deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value

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23
elastic deformation
is caused when a materal is bent or streched it returtes to original state
24
fault
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep.
25
focus
original fault rupture where an earthquake originates
26
epicenter
the point on earth's surface directly above the focus
27
Isostasy
condition of equalibrim that describes the dispalcement of easrths mantle
28
Root
thickened areas of contineltial material that counterbalances mountains
29
Isostatic rebound
the slow process of eaths crust rising due to removeal of overlaying material
30
orogeny
the process of mountain formation (especially by the upward displacement of the earth's crust)
31
Uplifted mountain
forms whe large regions of earth's surface a re lifted up without much deforamtion
32
exfolitation
Exfoliation is a form of mechanical weathering in which curved plates of rock are stripped from rock below. This results in exfoliation domes or dome-like hills and rounded boulders.
33
mass movment
the downhill movement of rock and soil because of gravity | soil masses moving down
34
creep
the slow downhill movement of weathered rock material
35
mudflow
swiftly moving mixtures of mud and water
36
landslide
the sudden movement of rock and soil down a slope
37
slump
A type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of material moves down a curved slope
38
avalanche
great mass of falling snow and ice
39
defltion
Lowering of land surface caused by wind erosion of loose surface particles, often leaving coarse sediments behind.
40
abrasion
The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind
41
ventifacts
rocks shaped by wind blown sediments
42
dune
A hill or ridge of sand piled up by the wind
43
loess
A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt
44
glacier
vA large mass of moving ice and snow on land
45
vally glaciers
glaciers that form in valleys in high, mountainous areas
46
cirques
bowl-shaped basins eroded by valley glaciers | cirque bowls basin cirqu eroded by glaciers
47
morines
A mound, ridge, or mass of material that were left on the ground by a receding glacier. MOrine is a girl that leaves a mess from her melting ice
48
outwash plains
area in front of a glacier in which melt water from the glacier has carried & deposited an abundance of sorted material (where the way the plains have glaiciers have been outwashed and put it there)
49
drumlins
a long, canoe shaped hill made of till and shaped by an advancing glacier (looks like a cut, tiger claw)
50
eskers
long, winding ridges of sediment deposited by meltwater streams that flowed in tunnels within, or under glaciers Real tiger claws
51
kame
a steep-sided mound of sand and gravel deposited by a melting ice sheet. ka me ka-nt me-ak me clean the dust pile
52
kettles
large holes left from the melting of huge chunks of glacial ice lodged in till or outwash
53
run off
Water flowing downslope along Earth's surface
54
watershed
Land area whose water drains into a stream system | shedding water into shedding stream
55
divide
elevated land that divides one watershed from another | DIved watersheads, mesuem dividers in water, divides like a dam
56
suspension
the method of transport for all particles small enough to be held up by the turbulence of a stream's moving water
57
bed load
sand, pebbles, and boulders that are moved along the bed of a stream and that are too heavy to be carried in suspension the stream loax load of the bed too heavy waterfall it falls but is is moved
58
discharge
measure of a volume of stream water that flows over a specific location in a particular amount of time discharging results of how much water there is
59
flood plain
The broad, flat area that extends out from a stream's bank and is covered by excess water during times of flooding land plains where it floods over
60
stream channel
Narrow pathway carved into sediment or rock by the movement of surface water channel made by stream
61
what do stream banks do?
Hold the moving water within them
62
base level
The elevation at which it enters another stream or body of water\ base where one water stream meets another
63
meander
a bend or curve in a stream channel caused by moving water
64
delta
Triangluar deposit that forms where a stream enters a large body of water.
65
rejuvination
Triangluar deposit that forms where a stream enters a large body of water. Rejuvenation Process during which a stream resumes downcutting toward its base level, increasing its rate of flow
66
eutrification
The process by which the surrounding watershed enriches bodies of water with nutrients that stimulate excessive plant growth
67
infilteration
Process by which precipitation that has fallen on land surfaces enters the ground and becomes groundwater
68
zone of saturation
Region below Earth's surface where all the pores of a material are completely filled with groundwater.
69
water table
the upper surface of underground water; the upper boundary of the zone of saturation
70
zone of areation
Zone in soil that is not saturated with water and that lies above the water table.'
71
permibility
The ability of a rock or sediment to let fluids pass through its open spaces, or pores.
72
auquifers
what Groundwater flows through permeable sediment and rock
73
Aquacludes
Impermeable layers that are barriers to grounwater flow.
74
springs
natural discharges of groundwater that tends to occur where an aquifer and an aquiclude come in contact with Earth's surface.
75
A place where evaporation exceeds precipitation. (Choose 2)
A place where evaporation exceeds precipitation. (Choose 2) | semi-arid climate and arid climate
76
hot springs
a spring whose water issues at a temperature higher than that of its surroundings
77
geysers
hot springs that shoot jets of steam and heated water into the air
78
wells
Holes dug or drilled deep into the ground to reach a reservoir of groundwater
79
drawdown
A lowering of the groundwater level caused by pumping.
80
recharge
Water from precipitation replenishes the water content of an aquifer
81
sinkhole
a cavity in the ground, especially in limestone bedrock, caused by water erosion and providing a route for surface water to disappear underground.
82
karst topography
A region in which a layer of limestone close to the surface creates deep valleys, caverns and sinkholes.
83
stactlite
A calcite deposit that hangs from the roof of a cave
84
stagalmite
A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave
85
The original characteristics of an air mass are determined by __________________________.
the source area where it formed
86
condesnsation nuclei
Microscopic particles on which water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets.
87
albedo
reflection of a surface
88
air mass
Large volume of air that has the characteristics of the area over which it forms.
89
source region
Area over which an air mass forms.
90
coriols effect
Effect of a rotating body that influences the motion of any object or fluid; on Earth, air moving north or south from equator appears to move right or left, respectively; the combination of the Coriolis effect and Earth's heat imbalance creates the trade winds, polar easterlies, and prevailing westerlies.
91
polar easterlies
Global wind systems that lie between latitudes 60 N and 60 S and the poles and is characterized by cold air.
92
prevailing westerlies
Global wind system that lies between 30 and 60 degrees north and south latitudes, where surface air moves toward the poles in an easterly direction.
93
trade winds
Two global wind systems that flow between 30 degrees north and south latitudes, where air sinks, warms and returns to the equator in a westerly direction.
94
jet stream
Narrow wind band that occurs above large temperature contrasts and can flow as fast as 185 km/h.
95
front
Boundary between two air masses of differing densities; can be cold, warm, stationary, or occluded and can stretch over large areas of Earth's surface.
96
barometer
Instrument used to measure air pressure.
97
ANEMOTER
Weather instrument used to measure wind speed.
98
hygrometer
Weather instrument used to measure humidity.
99
radiosonde
Balloon-borne weather instrument whose sensors measure air pressure, humidity, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction of the upper atmosphere.
100
dopplar effect
Change in the way frequency that occurs due to the relative motion of the wave as it moves toward or away from an observer.
101
station model
Record of weather data for a specific place at a specific time, using meteorological symbols.
102
iso bar
Line on a weather map connecting areas of equal pressure.
103
iso therm
Line on a weather map connecting areas of equal temperature.
104
digital forecast
105
analog forecast
weather forecast that compares current weather patterns to patterns that occurred in the past

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