Week One

Question 1

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 1

Eukarya(true nucleus), Eubacteria(true bacteria), and Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria)

Question 2

What kingdom are prokaryotes in?

Answer 2

Monera

Question 3

A species that is sexually reproductively isolated from another is?

Answer 3

Eukaryotes

Question 4

List the three levels of the Linnaean Classification System (in order) that are used in clinical microbiology.

Answer 4

Family, Genus, Species

Question 5

What are the main objectives of clinical microbology?

Answer 5

1. Culture and identify pathogenic organisms
2. Differentiate pathogens from normal flora
3. Perform antimicrobial suseptability tests

Question 6

What are the 4 major fields of clinical microbiology?

Answer 6

Bacteriology, Parasitology, Mycology, Virology

Question 7

Define Bacteriology

Answer 7

Study of Aerobic(needs O2 or CO2 to grow), Anaerobic(cannot grow in the presence of O2), and Mycobacteria(has mycolid acid in cell wall- acid fast stain)

Question 8

Define Parasitology

Answer 8

Study of specied that live on or in human body AND derives int nutrients at the hostd expense- Giardia lamblia

Question 9

Define Mycology

Answer 9

Study of Fungi(mold and yeast)- dimorphic is most dangerous

Question 10

Define Virology

Answer 10

Study of viruses and virus like agents

Question 11

Define pathology as it relates to clinical microbiology.

Answer 11

Events take place the organism initiates an infection. Symptoms and conditions result from infection by virulence factors causing a syndrome

Question 12

Define anatomy and physiology, as they relate to clinical microbiology.

Answer 12

Understanding of body sites and their infection in the body- how infection affectd the function

Question 13

Define epidemiology it relates to clinical microbiology.

Answer 13

Mode of transmission, incidence, and control of disease in a population

Question 14

Taxomony

Answer 14

Classification of living organisms

Question 15

Define Phenotype and Genotype

Answer 15

Phenotype- Physical features and functional traits of an organisms
Genotype- The set of genes in its genome

Question 16

What are the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 16

1. Protista- protozoa and algae
2. Plantae- plants
3. Fungi- mold and yeast
4. Animalia- animals
5. Monera- Bacteria

Question 17

Define Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Answer 17

Prokaryote- single cell bacteria ‘before- nucleus’
Eukaryote- everything else ‘true-nucleus’

Question 18

List the 7 levels of classification used in Linnean system

Answer 18

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools)

Question 19

Eukaryotes reproduce how?

Answer 19

sexually reproduction, each species is reproductively isolated- incompatible

Question 20

Prokaryotes reproduce how?

Answer 20

Asexually reprocidtion, divides by binary fission- parent into 2 daughter cells

Question 21

Phenotypic characteristics used to classify bacteria (6)

Answer 21

Cell morphology, staining characteristics, motility, growth characteristics, biochemistry, serology

Question 22

Genotypic characteristics used to classify bacteria (1)

Answer 22

Genetic analysis

Question 23

How is the Binomial system is written?

Answer 23

Genus species eg Homo sapiens

Question 24

List the 4 nomeclature rules used in microbiology

Answer 24

1. Family name is capitalized and ends in -aceae
2. The first letter of the genus is capitalized but the species name is not
3. When types the genus and species are italicized. When written they are underlined
4. The genus name can be abbreviated using the first letter of the genus followed by a period. Eg. E. coli or S. aureus.

Question 25

List 3 protective barriers around a bacterial cell (prokaryote)

Answer 25

1. Cell membrane (all bacteria) 2. Cell wall (most) 3. Capsule (glycocalyx-some)

Question 26

2 other names for cell membrane

Answer 26

Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic membrane

Question 27

Diagram and label the structure of the cell membrane.

Answer 27

Phosphate head ❍ hydrophobic Lipid tails 八 hydrophilic Lipid tails ү hydrophilic Phosphate head ❍ hydrophobic

Question 28

Explain the differences between the cell membranes of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 28

Cholesterol is only found in animal cells, esterol. Otherwise about the same.

Question 29

The difference between Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

Answer 29

Gram negative- single thin peptidoglycan layer Gram positive- thick peptidoglygan layer

Question 30

Name the macromolecules found in bacterial cell walls.

Answer 30

NAM(N-acetylmuramic acid) & NAG(N-acetylglucosamine)

Question 31

Explain why the cell wall is significant.

Answer 31

Give structure and shape

Question 32

Diagram and label the chemical make-up peptidoglycan, including the terms glycan, peptide, NAG, NAM, and tetrapeptide (amino acid) cross bridge and connecting chains of amino acids

Answer 32

NAG- NAM-... o peptide interbridge (G+) o q q q q q o tetra pep cross brg o ...NAG- NAM- NAG...

Question 33

Explain the function of teichoic acid and autolysins.

Answer 33

Teichoic acid-regulate activity of autolysins during cell growth Autolysins-group of enzymes that make small nicks in cell wall (this allows new subunits to be inserted into old peptidoglycan as the cell is growing)

Question 34

Diagram and label the cell wall of both a Gram positive and a Gram negative bacteria

Answer 34

thick or thin pep study at home

Question 35

Explain how Lipid A and O polysaccharides of Gram-negative cells contribute to the pathology of an infection.

Answer 35

Lipid A endotoxins are released when cell death occurs which cause a reaction such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, shock, & blood coagulation

Question 36

Explain where the capsule is found on bacteria and what it is made of.

Answer 36

Outermost layer, made of glycocalyx

Question 37

Define the term glycocalyx and slime layer.

Answer 37

Glyocoalyx- (sugar cap) gelatinous sticky substance made of polysaccharides Slime layer- another name especially if it is very loose and thin

Question 38

List the functions of the capsule

Answer 38

Protection and stick to hard surfaces

Question 39

List two ways the capsule protects bacteria.

Answer 39

prevents drying out and protects against phagocytosis,

Question 40

Define phagocytosis, list two main phagocytes found in the human body, and how a capsule is considered a virulence factor.

Answer 40

WBC’s and Macrophages Phagocytosis- cell engulfs another cell or particle, first line of defense against bacteria, fungi, and viruses.

Question 41

List two examples of bacteria that use a capsule to provide adherence to surfaces.

Answer 41

Streptococcus mutans- capsule anchors bacteria to the surface of the teeth, without it saliva, chewing and speech would wash it away. Streptococcus pneumoniae- produce a heavy capsule layer, help prevent the organism from getting stuck in the mucus layer and continue down the sterile lower resp tract.