Week One A/P Flashcards by Lindsay Reynolds

Total body weight in Kg is ___% non-water mass and ___% total body water

Within the total body water content, ___ is extracellular fluid and ___ is intracellular fluid

Within the extracellular fluid, ____ is plasma volume and ___ is interstitial volume

**42L total (28L ICF and 14L ECF)

35%, 65%

1/3, 2/3

1/4, 3/4

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Body water content is _____ in new borns and _____ in women, why?

What are the major anions in Intracellular fluid?

What are the major anions in Extracellular fluid?

Increased, Decreased

Re: Women have more fat and fat is low in water content

Protein and Organic Phosphate

Cl- and HCO3-

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Homeostasis

______ provide information about stimuli (perceive the abnormality)

______ tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point, located in the brain and spinal cord)

______ elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment (attempting to fix abnormality)

Receptors

Control Center

Effectors

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Negative Feedback Control

Promotes ______, prevents ____-_______, or over-secretion

Most common type of control system

Ex: Anterior Pituitary- TSH-Thyroid Gland-T3/T4 production

Stability, Over-Excitation

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Positive Feedback Control

Rare, explosive, forms viscous ______

Example: LH surge prior to ovulation, blood clotting, labor contractions

Anterior Pituitary-FSH/LH-Ovary-Estrogen (which increases feedback loop so that more hormone is produced)

Cycle

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_____ and ____ form outer layer of the cell membrane

Lipids, Proteins

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Proteins provide ______ to a membrane

Proteins are defined by mode of association with the _____ bilayer

______ proteins (channels, pores, carriers, enzymes)

_______ (enzymes, intracellular signal mediators)

Specificity

Lipid

Integral

Peripheral

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Naming of the cell is based on the attached _________

Approximately 10% of carbohydrates are _______

The major of integral proteins are ________

The remaining carbohydrates are ________

Carbohydrate

Glycolipids

Glycoproteins

Proteoglycans

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Carbohydrates

______ charge of the carbohydrate chains repel other ______ charges

Involved in cell-cell attachments, refered to as a “____-____”

Carbohydrates also play a role in ______ reactions

Negative, Negative

Cell Marker

Immune

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Cholesterol

Present in cell ______

Decreases membrane ______ and _______ (except in plasma membrane)

Increases membrane _____ and ______

Membranes

Fluidity, Permeability

Flexibility and Stability

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Cell Membrane

Works as a “____ ____,” meaning that it possesses _______

Gate Keeper, Selectivity

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Cell Membrane

Name the three lipids that comprise the cell membrane

Phospholipid (most abundant)

Glycolipid

Cholesterol

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Cell Membrane

Name the three proteins that comprise the cell membrane?

Channels

Receptors

Enzymes

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Cell Membrane

_____ Bilayer: barrier to water and water-soluble substances

______ have a glycerol backbone, which is _____ (water-soluble) heads, and two fatty acid tails, which are ______ (water insoluble)

Lipid

Phospholipids, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic

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___ is what determines if a drug is in _____ or _____ form

pH, Ionized, Un-ionized

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Lipid Soluble Substances

Examples would be?

______forms of drugs can cross the cell membrane because they are able to dissolve in the ______ lipid bilayer

O2, CO2, and Nitrogen, steroid hormones, isoflourane, non-polar molecules

Unionized, Hydrophobic

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Water Soluble Substances

Examples would be?

______forms of drugs cannot cross the cell membrane because they are unable to dissolve in the lipid bilayer

Water solublke substances may cross the cell membrane through _____, _____, or may be _____ by carriers

Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-), glucose, polar molecules, water

Ionized

Channels, Pores, Transported

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Local Anesthetic can be in ______ form (LAH+) or ______ form (LA) - Ex: Lidocaine

The ______ form is able to cross the cell membrane

What substances can cross blood-brain and placental barriers?

Ionized, Un-Ionized

Un-Ionized

Anesthetic gases

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Integral proteins include hormone ______

Ions and water-soluble substances can still get across the cell membrane by other mechanisms such as _____ or ____

Receptors

Channels, Carriers

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_______ ingestion by the cell

______ ingestion of samller particles

_______ ingestion of larger particles (bacteria)

_______ binding of IgG antibody on the surface of bacteria, enhancing phagocytosis

_______ extrusion of cellular contents (excretion)

This process is ____ dependent

Endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Opsonization

Exocytosis

ATP

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Mechanism of Pinocytosis

What is the function of clathrin?

It is a protein that helps form the vesicle so the protein can close inside of the cell

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Lysosome roll in WBCs

Bacteria attaches to neutrophil. _____ then begin to form, which engulf the bacterium (cell eating).

The bacteria is engulfed (hugged) by a phagocytic vesicle

The phagocytic vesicle fuses with ______

Bacteria is killed and digested

Digested particles are eliminated via _______

Pseudopods

Lysosomes

Exocytosis (Excretion)

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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for ______ formation

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is reponsible for ______ formation

Protein

Lipid

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The human 80S Ribosome

Factory of _____ synthesis

Scans or ______ information then makes protein based on coding that is received

Protein

Transcribes

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70S (Bacterial) Ribosome Includes what sub units?

## Footnote 30S and 50S subunit

80S (Human) Ribosome Role in protein synthesis Has what subunits?

40S and 60S subunit

Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of microtubules where _____ are processed Site of intracellular ______ storage \_\_\_\_\_\_ ER has no ribosomes \_\_\_\_\_\_ has ribosomes

## Footnote Proteins Calcium Smooth Rough

Golgi Apparatus "Packaging center" Has ______ functions Receives _____ and _____ from the ER and modifies and "packs" them into sealed droplets called \_\_\_\_\_\_

Secretory Lipids and Proteins, Vesicles

Lysosomes \_\_\_\_\_\_ system of cell; contains \_\_\_\_\_\_ Allows ______ of bacteria Removes ______ tissues (recycling centers)

Digestive, Hydrolases Phagocytosis Damaged

Peroxisomes Similar to lysosomes Aid in ______ (Ex: Alcohol)

Detoxification

Secretory Vesicles Exocytosis is stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_

Calcium

Mitochondria \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the cell Mitochondria contain their own \_\_\_\_ Contain an electron _____ chain Convert food into energy in the form of ____ via the process of _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_ and ___ inhibit ATP synthesis

Powerhouse DNA Transport ATP, Oxidative Phosphorylation CN- and CO

Mitochondria Mitochondrial disease inheritance comes from the mother (maternal inheritance). But why?

## Footnote Sperm have no mitochondria but female eggs do

Microtubules Provide a _____ and rigid support to cell What type of drugs act on microtubules? \_\_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_ syndrome; causative factor is defective microtubules, leading to decreased ______ and increased occurence of ______ (No skeleton= No celluilar protection, leading to immunocompromisation)

Skeleton Anti fungals, Antihelminthic, Anti cancer, Anti breast cancer, Anti gout) Chediak-Higashi Phagocytosis, Infection

Nucleus "\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ center" of the cell Contains \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are condensed genetic material

Command, Control DNA Chromosomes

Nuclear Membrane has thousands of \_\_\_\_\_

Pores

\_\_\_\_\_\_ (condensed DNA) is found in nucleoplasm

Chromatin

Nucleoli Accumulation of \_\_\_\_ Forms \_\_\_\_\_\_

RNA Ribosomes

Lysosomes "\_\_\_\_\_" keepers of the cell Lysosomal storage diseases are due to absence of one or more \_\_\_\_\_\_ Example of disease: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

House Hydrolases Tay-Sachs

Intercellular Connection \_\_\_\_ _____ are attachments between cells, often epithelial cells These connections may be ____ (impermeable) or _____ (permeable)

Tight Junctions Tight, Leaky

Gap Junctions (communicating junctions) The attachments between cells that permit ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Permits current flow and electrical coupling between _______ cells Offers least ______ flow of ions (free flow) In an acute MI, these gap junctions close, leading to increased _____ resistance (what causes arrythmias, heart blocks, etc.)

Intercellular communication Myocardial Resistance Flow

Fatty Acid Oxidation Degradation and oxidation of fatty acids is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and occurs only in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fatty acid transportation into the mitochondria is mediated by a ______ shuttle The fatty acid molecule is degraded in the mitochondria and this results in two molecules of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

B-oxidation, Mitochondria Carnitine Acetyl-CoA

Fatty Acid Oxidation The Acetyl-CoA molecules formed by B-oxidation in the mitochondria then enter the ____ \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Tremendous amounts of ____ (146 molecules) are formed by B-oxidation from ____ molecule of fatty acids

Citric Acid Cycle ATP One

Fatty Acid Oxidation Fatty acid synthesis occurs in \_\_\_\_\_\_, while its degradation (beta oxidation) occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_

Cytoplasm, Mitochondria

ATP Production The end product of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ATP is used for what 3 functions? Does the body store ATP? What function utilizes the most ATP?

Acetyl-CoA Transportation of substances across membrane (Example: water soluble substances, AKA membrane transport) Synthesis of compounds (protein synthesis) Muscle contraction \*No, the body does NOT store ATP Membrane transport

Cilia Structure A function of cilia is to _____ secretions \_\_\_\_\_\_ is an ATPase that causes ciliary movement Smoking _____ cilia, leading to no "house keeping" of respiratory tract, leading to higher risk of \_\_\_\_\_

Clean Dynein Decreases, Infection

Cilia Structure Kartagener's syndrome (immotile cilia syndrome) is due to a _____ arm defect What conditions might this syndrome lead to?

Dynein \*Sinus Inversus \*Sterility in male and female (No active cilia for transport of egg or sperm) \*Recurrent sinusitis \*Brochiectasis

DNA \_\_\_\_\_ stranded, located mainly inside the \_\_\_\_\_ NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and \_\_\_\_\_ Contains _____ sugar

Double, Nucleus Thymine Deoxyribose

RNA \_\_\_\_\_ stranded, located mainly inside the _____ and \_\_\_\_\_ NB are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and \_\_\_\_\_ Contains _____ sugar

Single Nucleus and cytoplasm Uracil Ribose

Purines **Pur**e "**A**s **G**old" (Adenine and Guanine) Purines have ____ rings

Two

Pyrimidines **CUT** the **PY** (**C**ytosine, **T**hymine, **U**racil) Pyrimidines have ___ ring

One

Helical double stranded DNA The outside strands are composed of _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_ The internal molecules connecting the two strands of helix are ____ and ______ bases, which determine the ____ of the gene

Phosphoric acid, deoxyribose Purine, Pyrimidine Coding

Helical double stranded DNA \_\_\_\_\_ binds to \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ binds to \_\_\_\_\_

Adenine (A), Thymine (T) Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

DNA Replication DNA can ______ itself (only molecule that can do this) \_\_\_\_\_\_ are always added to the 3' end New DNA is "proof-read" by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Repairs are made by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ create a nick in the helix to relieve supercoils

Duplicate Nucleotides DNA Polymerase DNA Ligase DNA Topoisomerases

\_\_\_\_ carries genetic code from the gene to the cytoplasm

## Footnote RNA

Transcription (mRNA formation) ## Footnote \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to the promoter sequence RNA Polymerase ______ the DNA double helix The polymerase _____ the DNA strand and adds complimentary ____ molecules to the DNA template \_\_\_\_\_\_ RNA molecules react with the growing end of the RNA strand \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ends when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminating \_\_\_\_\_\_

RNA Polymerase Unwinds Reads, RNA Activated Transcription, Codon

Multiple ______ can simultaneously translate a single mRNA

Ribosomes

Types of RNA \_\_\_\_\_\_ RNA, which carries gentic code from nucleus to cytoplasm Contains _____ (code triplets for amino acids) Each codon codes for ____ amino acid \_\_\_\_ is a start codon \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_, are stop codons

Messenger Codons One AUG UAA, UAG, UGA

Types of RNA \_\_\_\_\_\_ RNA acts as a _____ to transport amino acids to ribosomes

Transfer, Carrier

Types of RNA \_\_\_\_\_\_ RNA which are present in ribosomes (protein factories) synthesize \_\_\_\_\_ This process is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Ribosomal Proteins Translation

Protein Synthesis ## Footnote The formation of mRNA is called _______ and is controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and dictates the formation of proteins. This process is called \_\_\_\_\_\_ Protein synthesis occurs in \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ attaches the amino acid to mRNA \_\_\_\_\_\_ bonds are formed between amino acids by what enzyme?

Transcription, RNA Polymerase Translation Ribosomes tRNA Peptide; Peptidyl Transferase

Agents and Their Effects **A**minoglycosides, **T**etracycline

Bind to 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis

Agents and Their Effects **C**hloramphenicol, **E**rythomycine, **L**incomycin, **C**lindamycin

Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis \*\*Buy **AT 30**, **CELL** at **50**\*\*

Agents and Their Effects Sulfonamide

Inhibits bacterial synthesis of folic acid

Agents and Their Effects Quinolones (Cipro, Norfloxacin, Nalidixic acid)

Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase (Topoisomerase II) \*\*Topoisomerases are enzymes that maintain the helical structure of DNA

Agents and Their Effects **R**ifampin

Blocks bacterial m**R**NA synthesis

Agents and Their Effects Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Vancomycin

Interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis

Agents and Their Effects Polymyxin

Disrupts permeability of bacterial cell membrane, causing leakage of cell contents

Agents and Their Effects Metronidazole (Flagyl)

Disrupts miscrosomal DNA synthesis

1. Why don't anitibotics work against viral infections? 2. Why PCN is not effective against mycoplasma? 3. How does Staph aureus develop resistance against PCN? 4. What is the action of clavulanic acid?

1. Viruses do not have ribosomes or cell walls 2. Mycoplasma do not have cell walls 3. By producing B-lactamase enzymes to destroy the ABX 4. B-lactamase inhibitor, must give first before giving second ABX to be effective

Cell Reproduction Permanent cells remain in ___ state, and regenerate only from ____ cells Examples of these cell types?

## Footnote G(0) state, Stem Neurons, Skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCS

Cell Reproduction Stable (Quiescent) Cells Enter ___ from ___ when stimulated Examples of these cell types include?

Enter G(1) from G(0) Hepatocytes, lymphocytes

Cell Reproduction Never go to \_\_\_, divide rapidly with a short \_\_\_\_ Examples of these cells include?

G(0); G(1) Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles

Mitosis Division of cell resulting in production of two _____ cells The number of _______ remain the same Consists of 5 major stages

Daughter Chromosomes IPPMAT

There is no _____ in cytoplasm

Calcium

Substance (ECF vs. ICF) Na+ K+ Ca++, ionized

142 mEq (ECF), 10 mEq (ICF) 4 meq (ECF), 140 mEq (ICF) 2.5 mEq (ECF), 1 x 10(-4) (ICF)

Simple Diffusion \_\_\_\_\_ soluble molecules move readily across the membrane (rate depends on lipid \_\_\_\_\_\_\_) \_\_\_\_\_\_ soluble molecules move across the cell membrane via _____ or \_\_\_\_\_

## Footnote Lipid Solubility Water, Channels, Pores

Facilitated Diffusion The carrier protein makes a ______ change to allow the "gates" to open for facilitated diffusion

Conformational

Proteins provide ______ and ______ to a membrane

## Footnote Specificity, Function

Primary Active Transport Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump) 1. Keeps intracellular ___ high and intracellular ___ low by moving _ Na+ out and _ K+ in 2. Maintains normal cell volume. How? 3. Insulin stimulates Na+/K+ pump and corrects ________ by moving K+ into the cells

K+, Na+, 3, 2 Water follows Sodium Hyperkalemia

Primary Active Transport Na+/K+ ATPase (Sodium Pump) 4. **Beta** **agonist** ritodrine (Yutopar), terbutaline, and epinephrine _______ Na+/K+ pump, leading to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Controversially, **beta blockers** may cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and _____ inhibit the Na+/K+ pump

Stimulate, Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia Quabain and Digitalis

Secondary Active Transport Mechanism for transport of \_\_\_\_\_\_ Glucose requires binding with ____ to enter the cell

Glucose Sodium (Na+)

Secondary Active Transport **Co-transport** (co-porters) Substance is transported in the ____ direction as the "driver" ion (Na+) Examples include?

Same Glucose, Amino Acids, HCO3-

Secondary Active Transport Counter-transport (anti-porters) Substance is transported in the _____ direction as the "driver" ion (Na+) Ex: Na+/Ca++ Exchange pump

Opposite

Cardiac Glycosides 1. Inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase in the myocardial cell membrane Intracellular __ increases, diminishing the ___ gradient across the cell membrane 2. Na/Ca exchange depends on the size of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 3. The increased intracellular Na leads to an increase in intracelluar ___ also, leading to more forceful cardiac contractions

## Footnote Na, Na Na gradient Ca++

Overview Simple Diffusion Occurs down an _________ gradient, going "downhill" Is not _____ mediated Does not require _____ energy (passive process)

electrochemical carrier metabolic

Overview Facilitated Diffusion Occurs down an _______ gradient, going "down hill" Is _____ mediated Does not require _____ energy (passive process) Is more ____ than simple diffusion Ex: _____ transport in muscle cells

electrochemical carrier metabolic rapid glucose

Overview Facilitated Diffusion In Diabetes Mellitus, glucose uptake by muscle and adipose cells is impaired because the carriers for facilitated diffusion of glucose (GLUT4) require \_\_\_\_\_

Insulin

Overview Primary Active Transport Works ____ concentration gradient "uphill" Requires ____ energy in form of ATP \_\_\_\_\_ mediated

Against Metabolic Carrier

Overview Primary Active Transport Ca++ ATPase (Ca++ pump) in ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ transport Ca++ against ______ gradient H+, K+ ATPase (proton pump) in _____ cells transport H+ into the lumen of the stomach against its electrochemical gradient Inhibited by PPI \_\_\_\_\_, used to Tx \_\_\_\_

Sarcoplasmic reticulum, concentration Gastric Omeprazole, PUD

Overview Secondary Active Transport Transport of two or more is \_\_\_\_\_ One of the solutes is transported _____ and provides energy for the _____ transport of the other solute

Coupled Downhill, Uphill

Overview Secondary Active Transport Metabolic energy is not provided \_\_\_\_\_, but indirectly from the ___ gradient which is maintained across the cell membrane

Directly Na+

Overview If solutes move in the same direction it's ______ or \_\_\_\_\_\_ Glucose is transported _____ (the concentration of glucose is very high within these cells) Inhibition of Na+ gradient leads to inhibition of _____ transport

Cotransport or Symport

Overview If solutes move in the opposite direction, it's _____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Na+/Ca++ exchange and Na+/H+ exchange Energy comes from "downhill" movement of \_\_\_ Poisoning the Na+/K+ pump inhibits the ___ gradient, therefore inhibiting _____ exchange

Countertransport or antiport, or EXCHANGE Na+ Na+, Na+/Ca++