Week1

Question 1

Are these found in Adaptive or Innate immunity?

1) Lymphocytes
2) Phagocytes
3) Dendritic cells
4) Antibodies
5) Complement
6) NK cells

Answer 1

1 and 4 are adaptive, while all the others are innate.

Question 2

___ immunity is defense against extracellular microbes. However, once the microbe gets inside the cell, ___ immunity is the defense mechanism used

Answer 2

Humoral, cell mediated

Question 3

___ lymphocytes are the only ones that make antibodies, so they are the cells that mediate humoral immunity

Answer 3

B

Question 4

___ cells help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies and help phagocytes to destroy ingested microbes.
___ cells kill harboring intracellular microbes
___ cells are hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 4

CD4+ T cells (Helper T cells)
CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
CD34+

Question 5

The effector cells in the B lineage (Effector cells are produced once a Naive lymphocyte binds to its specific antigen) are antibody secreting cells called ___

Answer 5

Plasma cells

Question 6

Which cells are used in innate immunity that kill microbes intracellularly?

Answer 6

Natural Killer cells

Question 7

Name the TLC receptor:

1) LPS (Lipopolysaccharide)
2) Bacterial flagellin
3) Bacterial lipopeptides (two different combinations)
4) dsRNA
5) ssRNA (two different combinations)
6) PGN (Bacterial peptidoglycan)
7) CpG DNA

Answer 7

1) TLR-4 (Remember, gram negative means a thin peptidoglycan layer causes the stain to leak out)
2) TLR-5
3) TLR-1 & TLR-2 or TLR-2 & TLR-6
4) TLR-3
5) TLR-7 or TLR-8
6) TLR-2 (Remember, gram positive means a thick peptidoglycan wall so the stain does not leak out)
7) TLR-9

Question 8

One of the most important transcription factors activated by TLR signals are ___

Answer 8

Nuclear factor kB (NF-kB)

Question 9

The PRR __ works to deliver LPS to the TLR-__ receptor. Next, the adaptor protein ___ binds the TLR and activates ___ to phosphorylate ___, which goes on to initiate a kinase pathway, which phosphorylates and activates ___. Next, IKB is phosphorylated, which leads to its degradation and therefore ___ is released, which enters the nucleus as a transcription factor. Now ___ are expressed, which are synthesized in the cytoplasm and released via the ER.

Answer 9

CD14, 4, MyD88, IRAK4, TRAF6, IKK, NF-kB, cytokines

Question 10

Monocytes are found in the __ and macrophages are found in ___

Answer 10

blood, tissue

Question 11

Classically activated (M1) macrophages are induced by __ or ___. Once activated, the macrophages release __, ___, and/or ___ which go on to promote inflammation, enhance adaptive immunity, and phagocytosis and killing of bacteria and fungi.

Answer 11

TLR-ligands or cytokines (specifically IFN-gamma aka interferon-gamma)
Cytokines, Phagocyte oxidase (ROS), iNOS (Nitric oxide)

Question 12

Macrophages ingest microbes and produce ___, which activates Natural killer cells (NK) to secrete ___, which in turn goes back and activates the macrophages to kill the ingested microbes (so its a giant loop)

Answer 12

IL-12, IFN-gamma

Question 13

In order to not destroy healthy cells, NK cells express an inhibitory receptor that binds to ___ on healthy cells

Answer 13

Class 1 MHC

Question 14

In the complement innate immune system, the alternative pathway and lectin pathway (mannose-binding to lectin) all end up cleaving the plasma protein ___. Then, ___ coats microbes and promotes the binding of these microbes to phagocytes in a process called ___. Also __ and __ act as chemoattractants, which cause neutrophils and monocytes to be recruited (which causes inflammation). Finally, complement proteins form ___ which cause lysis of the microbe (Consist of C5b. C6, C7, C8, and C9).

Answer 14

C3, C3b, opsonization (Antibodies can also be classified as opsonins), C3a and C5a, membrane attack complexes (MACs)

Question 15

Acute phase proteins such as __ which recognize microbial carbohydrates or __ that recognize phosphorylcholine are induced rapidly by cytokines after infection

Answer 15

MBL (Mannose-binding lectin), CRP (C-reactive protein)

MBL initiates the complement cascade and CRP opsoninize the microbe

Question 16

Septic shock results from reduced blood pressure and thrombus formation due to excess of __

Answer 16

TNF

Question 17

1) When neutrophils and monocytes are recruited to the site of infection and the complement system kicks in, this kills ___
2) When TLR and other sensors as well as cytokines are activated, they normally kill ___
3) Type 1 interferons and natural killer cells kill ___

Answer 17

1) Extracellular bacteria
2) Intracellular bacteria
3) Viruses

Question 18

Which cytokine acts in the innate immune system as an anti-inflammatory cytokine?

Answer 18

IL-10 (Interleukin-10, which inhibits production of IL-12)

Question 19

1) Which cytokine is the main activator of acute phase protein synthesis in the liver?
2) Which cytokine is the main activator of a fever?
3) Which cytokine regulates activation of endothelial cells?
4) Resistance to viral infection?
5) Proliferation of NK cells
6) Proliferation of T cells
7) Control inflammation
8) Recruits neutrophils, basophils, and T cells to site of infection
9) Activates NK cells

Answer 19

1) IL-6
2) IL-1
3) TNF (Produced mainly by macrophages)
4) IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
5) IL-15 (They cause T and NK cells to proliferate)
6) IL-2
7) IL-10 and TGF-beta
8) IL-8
9) IL-12

Question 20

Leukocytosis is a ___ in WBCs and leukopenia is ___ in WBCs

Answer 20

Excess, Reduction

Question 21

Two types of cells display TLRs, the ___ lie dormant until a microbe is sensed and therefore takes a few hours to become activated, where as ___ cells are normally active and can release their contents immediately upon coming in contact with a microbe.

Answer 21

Macrophage, Mast cell

Question 22

Mast cells secrete ___, which causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability to allow neutrophils and other cells to come help kill the microbe. They also secrete the chemokine ___, and this allows neutrophils (and also eosinophils) to learn where to go to the infection

Answer 22

Histamine, IL-8

Question 23

Giemsa stain is used for blood smears.
In the Giemsa stain, mast and basophil cells are stained ___ and Eosinophils are stained ___
There are two types of granules in neutrophils, specific granules are stained with __ dyes and Azurophilic dye are stained with ___

Answer 23

Blue (Methylene blue), Red (Eosin an acidic dye) 
Neutral dyes (neutrophils), azure (lysosomes)

Question 24

Name the cell that is attracted by the listed chemotactic ligands

2) fMLF/fMLP (N-formylmethionyl-lecuyl-phenylalanine)
3) Transforming growth factor - B (TGF-B)
4) IL-8
5) Macrophage inflammatory protein- I (MIP-alpha and Beta)
6) Monocyte chemotactic protein- I (MCP-1)

Answer 24

2) Neutrophils
3) Macrophage
4) Neutrophils
5) Monocytes
6) Neutrophils????

Question 25

What two cytokines activate nitric oxide synthase that can be used to phagocytose microbes?

Answer 25

TNF and IFN-gamma

Question 26

___ are cationic proteins (+ charge aka basic) that are released from granules that contain lots of arginines (R) to kill microbes

Answer 26

Defensins

Question 27

___ cells are the major lymphocytic cells responsible for Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Also, how do these cells kill the microbes?

Answer 27

NK cells (Macrophages and neutrophils can also participate in ADCC) Releasing perforins that poke holes in the cell membrane (Cytotoxic T cells also kill using perforin)

Question 28

Most bacteria and viruses have a mannose-tailed glycan (this is their ___) that is recognized by a manose receptor in our normal cells (aka their ___; small side note: It is mainly macrophages or dendritic cells that display a mannose receptor). The cell does not specifically determine what the microbe is, just the fact that it is not a normal cell that should be found in the body

Answer 28

PAMP (Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern) | PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptor)

Question 29

Unlike B cells which can identify protein, carb, lipid, and nucleic acid antigens, T cells can only identify ___ antigens

Answer 29

Protein (peptides)

Question 30

Macrophages or Mast cells release the cytokines __ and __ when an invasion has begun. You could also look at this by saying pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) release the cytokines ___ and ___ (Since macrophages and mast cells have PRRs.

Answer 30

IL-1 and TNF

Question 31

Name the CDs associated with the leukocytes 1) T Cell 2) B Cell 3) Dendritic Cell 4) NK Cell 5) Stem Cell (HSC) 6) Macrophage/Monocyte 7) Granulocyte

Answer 31

Name the CDs associated with the leukocytes 1) T Cell 2) B Cell 3) Dendritic Cell 4) NK Cell 5) Stem Cell (HSC) 6) Macrophage/Monocyte 7) Granulocyte 1) 3,4,8 2) 19,20 3) 11c,123 4) 56 5) 34 6) 14,33 7) 66b

Question 32

What cell has a major role in parasites? | What cell has a major role in allergies?

Answer 32

Eosinophils | Basophils

Question 33

What three cytokines do macrophages produce a lot of?

Answer 33

TNF, IL-1 (TNF and IL-1 give an example of why macrophages are associated with chronic inflammatory and auto immune diseases) IL12, and IL23 (There are much more, these are just some examples)

Question 34

What chemoattractants cause neutrophils to migrate? | What chemoattractants cause monocytes/macrophages to migrate?

Answer 34

IL-8, fMet, C5a, C3a leukotrienes (belong to the group eicosinoids) Do these work for both of them?s MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, and MCP

Question 35

The most important opsonin is __, but the other two are __ and ___

Answer 35

iC3b, C4b, and C5b

Question 36

What two cytokines initiate nitric oxide synthase?

Answer 36

TNF and IFN-gamma

Question 37

NK cells have their activity increased by IL-__, IL-__ and ___

Answer 37

15,12, type 1 INF

Question 38

__ cells do not require that the cell recognizes and MHC molecule on the target cell

Answer 38

NK

Question 39

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by __ lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity by __ lymphocytes

Answer 39

T (for extracellular pathogens), B (for intracellular pathogens)

Question 40

___ collects antigens from epithelium and connective tissue and __ collects antigens from the blood

Answer 40

Lymph nodes, spleen

Question 41

What are the three professional APCs (Antigen Presenting Cells)? What are the non-professional APCs? Also, what do both of these ^ activate T cell wise? Also, what kind of MHCs do each of these express?

Answer 41

Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-cells (technically) - activate THCs and CTLs - MHCs 1 (bind only to CTL and 2 bind only to THC) Any nucleated cell in the body - activate only CTLs - MHCs 1 only

Question 42

MHC molecules are membrane proteins on APCs that display ___ for recognition by T lymphocytes

Answer 42

Peptide (remember, T cells can only see peptides (proteins)

Question 43

``` Proteins in the cytosol of any nucleated cell (including professional APCs) are all processed by cytoplasmic organelles and displayed by class __ MHCs Extracellular proteins are internalized by specialized APCs and processed in endocytic vesicles and displayed by class ___ MHCs ```

Answer 43

1 | 2

Question 44

1) In the class 1 MHC pathway, what organelle/organelles degrade the proteins? Also, how are these peptides eventually expressed on the cell surface of an APC? 2) Same questions for 2 MHC pathway ^

Answer 44

1) Proteasome, peptides are brought into the ER by TAP and then MHC I binds to peptides in the ER 2) Endosomes or phagosomes, MHC II is transferred to the vesicle containing to degraded proteins and then binds with the peptides (the invariant chain prevents the MCH II molecules being synthesized in the ER from binding to the MHC I molecules)

Question 45

Name the receptors that each cell expresses 1) Macrophages 2) Dendritic cells 3) T cells 4) B cells 5) RBCs 6) Granulocytes

Answer 45

1) MHC 1 and 2 2) MHC 1 and 2 3) TCR and MHC 1 4) BCR and MHC 1 and MHC 2 5) None 6) MHC 1

Question 46

Antigens bind to the __ region of antibodies and the __ region of antibodies determines the effector properties of the antibody and allow it to change shape to optimally bind antigen. Cleaving with Papain will result in ___ Cleaving with Pepsin will result in ___

Answer 46

FAB, FC (Just remember I only learned about papain) - 2 FAB and 1 FC Pepsin - 1 F(ab')2

Question 47

Name the antibody associated with the function (For type IgG, name the specific subtype) 1) Mast Cell activation (Also defense against parasites) 2) Opsonization 3) Mucosal Immunity 4) Anaohylactic shock 5) Neonatal Passive immunity (through breast milk) 6) Complement activation 7) Feedback inhibition of B cells 8) Naive B cell antigen receptor 9) Neonatal immunity (through placenta) 10) ADCC (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

Answer 47

1) IgE (It seems that this can lead to degranulation of all granulocytes) 2) IgG1 3) IgA 4) IgE 5) IgA 6) IgG 3 or IgM 7) IgG 4 8) IgM 9) IgG (no number given) 10) IgG 3

Question 48

__ is the most abundant antibody in the blood and ___ is the most abundant antibody in the body (blood and tissue)

Answer 48

IgG, IgA

Question 49

Anaphylactic shock (also referred to as immediate hypersensitivity) is caused by which antibody? and what is released that causes this?

Answer 49

IgE, histamine released by mast cells

Question 50

Antibodies are composed of two identical __ and ___. On the heavy chain, there is a __ that allows the antibody to be flexible to allow for optimizing antigen binding

Answer 50

Heavy and light chains, Hinge region

Question 51

What type of cells make up the epidermis (derived from the ectoderm)? Also, what layer do immune cells live in

Answer 51

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium | Dermis (derived from the mesoderm)

Question 52

What causes Bullous Pemphigoid Antigens (BPAG)? What specific hemidesmosome transmembrane proteins are mutated? What antibodies are secreted during this infection?

Answer 52

When the epidermal layer can not stay connected to the dermis BPAG (or technically Plectin and Integrin but we didn't go over that much) IgG

Question 53

There are three plexuses (part of the vasculature) in the dermis/hypodermis. To retain heat, you would want to keep blood in the bottom two plexuses called ___ and ___, but to loose heat you would force the blood into the plexus closest to the surface called ___

Answer 53

Subcutaneous plexus (hypodermis) and Cutaneous plexus (dermis), subpapillary plexus (dermis).

Question 54

Which layer of the epidermis secretes lamella bodies?

Answer 54

Stratum Granulosome (results in formation of impermeable lipid-containing membrane that protects from water)

Question 55

__ filaments, aggregated by ___, interact with the inner side of the plasma membrane to form cell envelopes

Answer 55

Keratin, filaggrin,

Question 56

What transcription factor is involved with melanoctyes? Also, what layer are melanocytes found in?

Answer 56

MITF | Stratum basale

Question 57

Antigen presenting dendritic cells are located in the ___ layer and called ___ cells

Answer 57

Stratum Spinosum, Langerhan Cells

Question 58

___ results in large plaques (from an inflammatory response due to initiation of langerhan cells) and the thickening of the stratum corneum. Also, excess proliferation of the keratinocytes from the stratum basale to the corneum layer occur

Answer 58

Psoriasis

Question 59

Ichthyosis Vulgaris (dry skin) results from a mutation in ___

Answer 59

filaggrin

Question 60

___ granule contain the two proteins __ and ___ which help take up the antigen into the langerhan cell

Answer 60

Birbeck, Langerin, CD1a

Question 61

___ cells are mechanoreceptors connected to a myelinated nerve fiber in the dermis. They are located in the stratum basale layer (also associated with basal lamina)

Answer 61

Merkel

Question 62

___ cleaves fibrinogen to make fibrin

Answer 62

Thrombin

Question 63

From clonogenic keratinocytes in the follicular __ region of the hair follicle, you can get regular ___ cells, cells that line the ___ glands, and cells that give rise to a component of the hair at the dermal papilla. Hair forms in the stratum ___ layer

Answer 63

bulb, basal cells, sebaceous stratum

Question 64

Sebaceous glands produce the oily lipid ___, which is secreted by __

Answer 64

sebum, holocrine

Question 65

The process of leukocytes transmigrating through the endothelium from the blood into the tissue is called ___

Answer 65

Diapedesis

Question 66

Two pathways fro macrophages to be activated, classically and alternatively. 1) What activates the classical pathway? 2) What does this activate macrophage go on to produce? 3) What activates the alternative pathway? 4) What does this active macrophage go on to produce?

Answer 66

1) TLR-ligand binding, IFN-gamma 2) ROS, NO, Lysosomal enzymes (all to kill microbes). Also IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, and chemokines (causes inflammation) 3) IL-13, IL-4 4) IL-10 (anti-inflammatory) and TGF-B (a chemoattractant for fibroblast for wound repair and fibrosis).

Question 67

NK cells don't kill our normal cells because they have two receptors, an activating receptor which produces __ and inhibitory receptor (KIR) which produces __. When there is a decreased expression of __ (which is normally binding to the inhibitory receptor when the cell is normal), the NK cell now knows that the cell has been infected and therefore kills it because PTK is no longer inactivated by PTP

Answer 67

PTK, PTP (phosphatase = remove phosphate to deactivate PTK), MHC 1

Question 68

Complement system activated via the classical pathway (antibody dependent). First, Ig_ or Ig_ bind to microbe -> Then C __ cleaves C __ and C __ to make the "a" and "b" forms of both. C__ attaches directly to the microbe, and C __ attaches to that. This makes C__ convertase. C3 is cleaved into "a" and "b" parts and the C3__ part attaches to the microbe as well to create a microbe with 3 units now attached, which is called C5 convertase

Answer 68

M or G, 1, 2, 4, C4b, C2a, 3, 3b

Question 69

MHC genes are ___ expressed MHC class 1 HLA proteins include __, ___, and __ and are ___ and the B2-microglobulin protein is __. MHC class 2 HLA proteins are encoded by the genes in the HLA ___ region

Answer 69

codominantly HLA- A,B,C, Polymorphic, the same in everyone

Question 70

Name the chains for each MHC class and which chain binds CD8 or CD4 Also, which class binds longer proteins?

Answer 70

``` MHC 1 (Alpha 1,2,3 and B2m) and alpha-3 binds CD8 MHC 2 has 2 alpha and 2 beta and beta-2 binds CD4 ``` Class 2

Question 71

In MHC II pathways, the invarient chain is cleaved when the MHC receptor gets into its vesicle after being transported from the ER, however, the __ fragment is left binding to the MHC complex. When the vesicle finally reaches the endosome with the microbes in it, __ cleaves the CLIP which allows the microbe to bind and MHC to express itslef.

Answer 71

CLIP (blocks binding of unwanted peptides to MHC II), HLA-DM

Question 72

Which two Ig antibodies are displayed on B cells?

Answer 72

IgM and IgD

Question 73

For B-cell receptors, the __ chains recognize antigens and the __ chains go the signaling (but, cant recognize any antigens) B cells are considered __ when they bind to an epitope that is repeated many times on a single antigen

Answer 73

Hc/Lc, Ig-alpha/Ig-beta Crosslinked

Question 74

To activate B cells, what two things must occur in the thymus-dependent and thymus-independent pathways?

Answer 74

Both must have cross-linking (clustering of B cell's receptors and their associated signaling molecule) TD Ags - a co-stimulatory signal is given by helper T cells TI Ags - a co-stimulatory signal is given by a danger signal from other cells when fighting an infection

Question 75

In the TD Ags, a helper T cell delivers the second signal (co-stimulation) by the ___ ligand and cytokines

Answer 75

CD40L (binds to CD40 on B-cell called a ligate)

Question 76

If a carbohydrate or fat microbe entered the body, which B cells would be able to become active?

Answer 76

Only B cells that are activated by Thymus (T-cell) Independent mechanisms. This is because T-cell dependent activation must come from an activated helper t cell, but since CD4+ cells can only recognize peptides from the MCH II classes, not CD4+ cells will be activated and therefore they can't go on to activated B cells

Question 77

An antibodies class is determined by the ___ region of its ___ chain. It is the ___ region that determines how the antibody will function

Answer 77

constant (FC), heavy Constant (Remember the variable region simply binds to the antigen and that can't change because its antigen specific)

Question 78

Name if the antibody is a monomer, dimer, or pentamer and how many antigen binding sites each has 1) IgG 2) IgM 3) IgE 4) IgA 5) IgD

Answer 78

1) Monomer - 2 2) Pentamer - 10 3) Monomer - 2 4) Dimer - 4 5) Monomer - 2

Question 79

As an example, monoclonal antibodies are created by fusing cells that make a specific antigen with a myeloma cell line (a cell line that does not die). The problem is in mice, they have different constant regions so when the antibodies are introduced into humans, they see it as foreign. To overcome this, we genetically engineer the grown antibodies to keep the same __ region (they still can cure whatever disease they were made to cure) but change the __ region so the human cells no longer see it as poisonous

Answer 79

FAB, FC

Question 80

Which antibodies should be made to combat.. 1) Parasites? 2) A virus in your respiratory tract? 3) Stabbed big toe with a fence? 4) A cold?

Answer 80

1) IgE 2) IgA (since they are secreted in the mucous) 3) IgG (because they can activate NK cells if its a virus or can kill bacteria via opsonization or complement activation) 4) IgA again

Question 81

B-cells change their constant region by ___ and their antigen binding region by ___

Answer 81

Class switching, Somatic hypermutation

Question 82

Which APC can travel to the lymph nodes when stimulated that an infection is occurring?

Answer 82

Dendritic cells

Question 83

What composes the TCR complex that we normally talk about?

Answer 83

Alpha and Beta are main ones that recognize MHCs, where as Epsilon, Delta, Gamma, and Zeta are used for cell signaling

Question 84

In order to activate T-cells, the signals sent by the TCR complex are not strong enough to reach the nucleus. In order to activate them, a co-stimulator is needed and this is accomplished by APC's presenting ___ which binds to ___ on T-cells to enhance the signal to the nucleus

Answer 84

B7, CD28

Question 85

If a T-helper cell binds to an MHC 2 peptide on a APC, but the APC does not express B7, then the T-helper cell's CD28 (co-stimulator) is not activated and the THC is said to be ___

Answer 85

Anergic (receives a signal but the signal is not strong enough)

Question 86

What are the main adhesion molecules expressed on T-cells and APCs and what class do they belong to?

Answer 86

``` T-cell = LFA-1 APC = ICAM-1 ``` Both are integrins (LFA-1 is integrin and ICAM-1 is integrin ligand)

Question 87

Non-traditional TCR's have the subunits __ and __ are located in places that have contact with the outside world like epithelium, intestine, uterus, and lungs Also make note that these T-cells don't need APCs to be activated (unpresented antigen activation) which is nothing like normal T cells that need APC or they wont function

Answer 87

Gamma and delta (dont be confused with the gamma and delta subunits that are composed in the CD3 complex of traditional TCRs)

Question 88

What type of receptors is Fc-gamma-RIIB, ITAMS? Also, what cells have them and are they activating or inhibiting?

Answer 88

``` Fc-gamma-RIIB = B cells (and myeloid cells) and inhibitory (has ITIMS) ITAMS = T cells (at least thats all we talked about) and activating ```

Question 89

CD80 or CD86 is what? CD79a and CD79b is what?

Answer 89

B7 found on APCs that bind to CD28s on T-cells Alpha and Beta signaling subunits associated with BCR

Question 90

If PIP2 is cleaved and then PDK eventually becomes active leading to ___ being phosphrylated, then you are going to have pro-survival aka incresed growth and cell wont die (by deactivating genes that make cells kill themselves like Bax and Bck and activating genes that make cells not kill themselves like Bcl-2).

Answer 90

AKT

Question 91

If a T-cell does not have a co-stimulator such as B7 (CD80/86) bound, then only __ will be made and not __ or __. Therefore, the cell will become anergic (unresponsive)

Answer 91

NFAT, NF-kB or AP-1

Question 92

For both BCRs and TCRs when an antigen is recognized, the two tyrosine kinase families __-__ are activated which lead to activation of PLC-gamma and Ras, which go on to activate AP-1, and/or NFAT, and/or NF-kB Name the 4 Src associated molecules Name the 2 Syk associated molecules

Answer 92

Src-Syk ``` Src = c-Src, Lyn, Fyn, Lck (for T-cells) (Lyn, Fyn, and Blk are for B cells) Syk = Zap-70 (for T cells), Syk (for B-cells) ```

Question 93

Normally, B cells can become active when an free antigen binds to it. However, B-cells can have their activation enhanced when the complement fragment ___ binds to the microbe and the __ complex expressed from the B-cell binds to the fragment

Answer 93

C3d, CR2 (complement receptors)

Question 94

Which pathway do chemokines utilize more of? and which types ALWAYS go through this pathway? Also, chemokines are the only ones to use which pathway that we talked about?

Answer 94

Jak-Stat (is downstream of cytokines) Type 1 and 2 GPCRs

Question 95

NF-kB can be activated with trimeric receptors which is ___

Answer 95

TNF

Question 96

We expect to see ___ shaped epithilial cells in airways, such as the nasalpharynx

Answer 96

pseudo stratified

Question 97

What is the site of T-lymphocyte maturation?

Answer 97

The cortex of the thymus (the medulla of the thymus is the site of where T-cells are fully matured)

Question 98

Where does the thymus blood barrier exist?

Answer 98

The cortex

Question 99

The ___ cells in the thymus blood barrier of the cortex prevents the blood from going through to the cortex by binding to the capillaries. If the capillaries were not lined, antigens would be reaching ___ and that would be bad.

Answer 99

Epithelial-reticular cells, developing T-cells

Question 100

Which pathways do the 2 acute phase proteins we discussed activate?

Answer 100

MBL activates the lectin complement pathway CRP (C reactive protein) activates the classical pathway since it opsonizes the bacteria