Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Adult Lang Disorders > Weeks 1-3 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is language

A

An abstract system of symbols combined by the use of grammatical rules that allows for the sharing of meaning within a social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is communication

A

The transmission of info between 2 beings (human or nonhuman); can include verbal, body lang, gestures, nonverbal noises and linguistic or non linguistic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is speech and is it the same as language

A

Speech is NOT the same as language

Speech: motoric verbal means of communicating (articulation, voice, fluency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

True or false: acquired language and cognitive-communicative disorders may arise from injury to brain

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True or false: acquired speech disorders occur to damage below level of cortex - spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves and peripheral body

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 cell types of nervous system

A

neurons : dendrites, cell body, axon, terminal ending and synapse; “communication cell”

Glial cells: provide axon myelination; “helper cells”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Gray matter: ______

White matter: _______

A

Gray matter = cell bodies and dendrites

White matter = myelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In CNS: nuclei is _______, except basal ganglia

In CNS: tracts, fasciculi are ______

A

Nuclei = gray matter

Tracts & fasciculi = white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is myelination important for axons

A

Myelination on axon carries the signal with rapid speed

Demyelinated axons lead to MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name the 4 lobes of cortex and which are more important for language

A

Frontal*
Parietal*
Temporal*
Occipital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Language is housed in which hemisphere

A

Left

right hemisphere = melody, intonation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the cortex

A

the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain, made up primarily of gray matter. It is the most prominent visible feature of the human brain → the cortex is the wrinkled convoluted surface of cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas

A

The structural differences of the cortex correlate to functional differences

Language → phonological and grammatical processing → housed in 44 and 45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Association cortex vs primary cortex

A

Primary Cortex:
direct processing of primary sensory or motor info.
Performs the actual task of the region.

Association cortex:
Most of brain made up of association cortex
Where modifications occur → analyze, recognize and act on sensory input
Usually positioned adjacent to primary cortex
plans & integrates info for the primary area.

Info is received from sensory cortex → then to primary cortex for perception → then to association cortex to ID whatever that we’ve perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the first cortical location where sensory experience is received

A

Primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where in the primary cortex is motor command initiated

A

Primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Unimodal vs multimodal

A

Unimodal: usually adjacent to primary area; recognition using one sense

Multimodal: integrating senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the 3 white matter tracts and their purpose

A

Projection tracts: interconnect primary cortical areas (primary motor and primary sensory) to deeper structures

Association tracts: are the most numerous and interconnect regions of the cortex within the same hemisphere

Commissural tracts: interconnect homologous (having the same relation, relative position) areas in the left and right hemispheres; tracts crossing b/w left and right hemis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the association tract connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

A

Arcuate fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is decussation

A

Term used to describe a crossing of information at the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is continuous blood supply important for the brain

A

Must have continuous flow of blood → neural cells die quickly without

Once neural cell die, they are not regenerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 cerebral arteries providing blood to cortex (language and cognition are cortical functions)

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which 2 cerebral arteries are important for language and cognitive communicative functioning

A

ACA and MCA

MCA provides blood supply to specialized language center of the brain in left hemisphere → Broca’s and Wernicke’s

ACA provides blood to prefrontal area → judgment, inhibition, high level cognitive processes, problem solving, planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is watershed zone

A

Areas b/w 2 cerebral arteries in the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is an ischemic stroke and the 4 types
Ischemic stroke = insufficient blood supply caused by blood clots 4 types: Thrombosis: localized buildup of fatty plaques/platelets causing occlusion Embolism: blockage in blood vessel caused by traveling clot, air bubble, etc. Transient ischemic attack (TIA): “mini stroke”; stroke symptoms resolve → blood flow returns causing no cell death Lacunar strokes: small blockages of blood vessels occurring in thalamus or basal ganglia; causes cell death appearing as tiny dots on scan; causes motor sensory deficits
26
What is the penumbra
Surrounding area of living tissue next to cell death caused by CVA Tx goal → increase blood flow to area to form new connections that were lost
27
What is hemorrhagic stroke and the 3 types
Hemorrhagic stroke = brainbleed 3 types: Intracerebral: common cause high blood pressure; occurs in cranial tissue Extracerebral: related to aneurysm; occurs in meningeal tissue space-occupying lesions: squeeze neural tissue against cranium; common cause aneurysm
28
Short term and long term treatments for stroke
ST: goal is to save tissue of penumbra with medical treatment to restore brain function LT: rehab
29
What is tPA and when is it used
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is administered for occlusive ischemic strokes (blood clots) It breaks down clots
30
What is perisylvian
Area of brain responsible for language
31
What are the perisylvian language areas of brain
Broca’s area (BA 44, 45; frontal lobe): expressive language —> language production and structure of language: like MLU, fluency, phonology, syntax, grammar, etc Wernicke’s area (BA 22; temporal lobe): (auditory) receptive language —> language comprehension and understanding Angular and supramarginal gyri: implications for reading and writing and spelling Superior longitudinal fasciculus and arcuate fasciculus: white matter association tracts interconnecting the 4 cortical lobes
32
The patient has difficulty with _____ when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged
Repetition tasks
33
Neuroimaging allows for visualization of structure aka _______ and function aka ________
Structure → anatomy Function → physiology
34
Location of Broca’s area
Inferior frontal gyrus
35
Location of Wernicke’s area
Posterior superior temporal gyrus
36
3 types of structural neuroimaging
CT Cerebral angiography MRI These have good spatial resolution but not temporal Identifies anatomical difference in healthy brains vs patients
37
2 types of functional neuroimaging
PET fMRI (EEG) (MEG) Identifies brain functioning during activity Has good spatial AND temporal resolution
38
Pros and cons of structural neuroimaging: CT
CT scans: High spatial resolution allows us to see details of brain structure ``` Pros: able to distinguish between ischemic (blockage) or hemorrhagic stroke (bleed) Widely available; less expensive Cons: high radiation exposure Poorer spatial resolution than MRI ```
39
CT research results
Aphasia and patients with RH and LH damage were more severely affected than those with unilateral LH damage Damage associated with Broca’s → transient speech impairment (not as severe, more easily changing) Broca’s area and white matter → chronic nonfluent speech following stroke (more severe, more chronic long-term impairment)
40
Pros and cons of structural neuroimaging: Cerebral angiography
Able to view vascular abnormalities in cerebral blood vessels Pros: detects hemorrhage, aneurysm, gives indication of stroke risk Cons: radioactive dye, invasive, x-ray exposure
41
Pros and cons of structural neuroimaging: MRI
Better spatial resolution than CT Water concentration varies depending on tissue type (gray vs white) MRI can distinguish between tissue densities based on water concentration Pros: excellent spatial resolution; no radiation; abel to see areas of cortical thickness Cons: expensive, not appropriate for all patients
42
MRI research findings
LH stroke → with MRI lesions in anterior portion of insula is a predictor of verbal apraxia (motor planning)→ concluded it was NOT Broca’s area MRI found structural damage or decreased blood flow in Broca’s area is best predictor of speech/lang production Spontaneous aphasia recovery immediately following injury is related to increased brain function in areas surrounding acute lesion
43
Pros and cons of structural neuroimaging: DTI
Tractography technique with MRI: diffusion tensor imaging Water moves freely along axon than across axon DTI results show: damage to both anterior and posterior language zones may result in conduction aphasia → not just damage to AF
44
What is functional neuroimaging
Seeks to understand the location or timing of task-dependent neural activity in the brain Looks at changes over time → temporal resolution
45
Pros and cons of functional neuroimaging: PET
Positron emission tomography (PET) Pros: method of viewing neural regions during tasks with decent spatial resolution Cons: radioactive tracer; reduced temporal resolution
46
PET research findings
A study to determine hemispheric activity/compensation during language task found LH “activation” in preserved regions among stroke pts was very similar to that observed in healthy individuals ( RH brocea’s area homologue inactivation was related to poorer language performance
47
Pros and cons of functional neuroimaging: fMRI
Functional magnetic resonance imaging Measures change in magnetic field within brain during rest as compared with during task Increased firing of neurons during task is related to need for more oxygen and glucose Pros: no radioactive tracer, good spatial resolution Cons: not a direct measure of neural activity, reduced temporal resolution, not appropriate for all pts
48
PET research findings
Like PET, fMRI studies in aphasia focus on cortical reorganization after injury suggesting both RH and LH are important
49
Stroke is a leading cause of serious ________ disability
long term
50
Those who arrive at the hospital within _____ hours of first symptoms have less disability than those with delayed care
3 hours
51
___% that fully recover after stroke
30%
52
What populations are at high risk of TBI
Children and older adults with falls as the leading cause
53
Stroke, TBI and AD have both ______ and _____ impact
Societal and personal impact → personal being the largest impact
54
Therapy goal of neurogenic communication disorders and what two aspects need to be considered when planning treatment
Goal: Maintain worthwhile quality of life Treatment: social context and clinical aspects
55
Define impairment
Pathology; can be easily identified through testing
56
Define disability
The consequences of the impairment on everyday life
57
Define handicap
Value that the individual, family, community places on disability and the degree to which the individual is disadvantaged Differences in individuals’ perception of disability and handicap should be identified and considered during assessment and intervention planning
58
Name a few psychosocial barriers that may impact person’s life and recovery
``` Mood and personality Perceived support Perception of stigma Emotional turmoil Self-esteem and identity ```
59
Name a few common themes and stages of individuals with illness
``` Coping strategies Social support Participant involvement in treatment decisions Strain of trying to endure Shock of institutionalization Suffering and uncertainty of illness ``` It’s important to try to understand what the patient is going through
60
What are some ways to practice a patient-centered approach
Inform → assessment Respect -> patient preferences Ask → goals of therapy; QoL Educate → patients’ role and condition
61
True/false: depression is a barrier to rehabilitation
TRUE
62
Stages of emotional reaction to chronicity of illness
``` Shock Realization Denial Mourning Adaptation ```
63
Quality of life incorporates
``` Physical health Psychological health Independence Social relationships Personal beliefs ```
64
What is aphasia
Acquired neurogenic language disorder due to damage to left hemisphere Language difficulty is primary
65
What is pure aphasia
Can hear but can't understand (poor auditory comprehension) No motor planning/coordination difficulty Not a change in cognition Aphasia may co-occur with sensory, motor and cognitive impairment
66
What is sensory aphasia
Deficits in language comprehension (receptive language) Posterior injury
67
What is motor aphasia
Deficits in language production (expressive language) Not motoric physical production Anterior injury
68
What is crossed aphasia
Language impairment due to damage to nondominant hemisphere → typically right hemisphere in most people
69
true/false - there is only one theory of aphasia
False - there are many - no single unifying theory of aphasia
70
theory vs model
Theory - statement/idea Model - tests the theory’s statement
71
What is the goal of aphasia theories and models
To further understand aphasia and language by studying pathology
72
Theory: classical associative connectionist paradigm define
Dominant theory for assessments Discrete centers of brain (anatomy) responsible for language (physiology) interconnected by pathways to facilitate info flow b/w areas
73
Theory: classical associative connectionist paradigm What is the anatomy and connecting physiology
Posterior language center: Wernicke’s area → language comprehension (receptive language) Anterior language center: Broca’s area → language production → expressive language
74
Name the pathway between posterior and anterior centers
Arcuate fasciculus
75
Theory: classical associative connectionist paradigm What are the limitations
Links broad aphasic symptoms to discrete structures → doesn't’ always match up through observations Gave rise to “cognitive neuropsychological models” for understanding aphasia however these models are based on function and do not attach function to specific neural regions
76
What are two commonly used assessments for aphasia
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Classification (BDAE) Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) Agreement b/w these two assessments is 27%
77
What are the two main classification criteria for aphasia
Fluency (utterance length) Comprehension Helps to drive treatment methods
78
Pros and cons for aphasia classification
Pros Pattern of brain injury and behavioral effects Helps to drive treatment Cons Doesn’t account for individual variation Brain functions as holistic integrated unit → no discrete language centers Ability to do or not do a task is more meaningful than classification
79
S/S of aphasia: Paraphasias (word choice errors) Verbal/semantic
Word errors semantically related to target word “Cup” → “bowl” (similar meaning)
80
S/S of aphasia: Paraphasias (word choice errors) Literal/phonemic
Word errors phonemically related to target word “Cup” → “Cat” (/k/ word initial) Words are related in production
81
S/S of aphasia: Paraphasias (word choice errors) Neologism and jargon
Newly created made up words with no content eg "slunker" "glimpop" Jargon is neologism at conversational level
82
S/S of aphasia: Paraphasias (word choice errors) Stereotypies and recurrent utterances
Stereotypies: non-propositional, not novel; ;produced constant repetition of sound segment “toe-no”; produced with correct prosody Recurrent utterances: “ya know” repeated Sometimes there’s a bust of in freq in emotional settings
83
S/S of aphasia: Paraphasias (word choice errors) Perseveration: Atypical repetition of words, topics after that stimulus has ceased
When patient hears and produces target word and then used that target word for all following answer; knows they are saying incorrect word First said banana and now calls all breakfast items banana
84
Define agrammatism
Reduced function words, reliance on content words Typically seen in impaired fluency
85
What is BDAC
Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Classification Based on classical associative connectionist theory with modifications 8 parameters of speech and lang production Classifies 7 types of aphasia 30-80% of patients are easily placed into classifications
86
Describe the classifications of Werncikes and Brocas according to BDAC
Wernickes: Higher score: articulation, phrase length(fluency), prosody Lower score: paraphasias (word errors), anomia (word finding), sentence repetition, comprehension Brocas: Higher score: paraphasias (word errors), anomia (word finding), sentence repetition, comprehension Lower score:articulation, phrase length (fluency), grammatical form, prosody
87
What is anomia
Common throughout all types of aphasia Impairment in lexical retrieval (naming) Use of pause filled reducing fluency
88
According to BDAE which aphasia type has low comprehension - Wernickes and conduction aphasia
Wernickes However these 2 conditions have very different underlying biological mechanisms and patterns of language and communication so the fact that this test is only saying that auditory comprehension scores differentiate b/w the 2 is a limitation
89
What is WAB
Western Aphasia Battery Aphasia assessment informed by BDAE 8 aphasia classifications based on performance on 4 parameters
90
What are the 4 parameters of WAB
Fluency Auditory verbal comprehension Repetition ability Naming/word finding
91
What are the pros and cons of WAB
Pro: Classifies nearly 100% Increased reliability of testing due to direct instruction in scoring and test administration (test/retest) Cons: Based on same framework as BDAE but has different parameters adn classifications Agreement in classification between BDAE and WAB is 27%
92
What is fluent aphasia
Posterior injury (wernickes) Poor auditory comprehension Speech is naturalistic and fluent Normal utterance length Lack of agrammatism (reduced function words)
93
What is non-fluent aphasia
Anterior injury (Brocas) ``` Good auditory comprehension reduced fluency (Utterance length is short and lots of pausing) Agrammatism (reduced function words) ```
94
True or false: some studies show damage to Broca’s is not a requirement for non-fluency
true
95
What is best approach for classifying aphasia (3 approaches)
Describe signs and symptoms of that particular individuals language impairment Describe the impact on the different language domains (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatics) Describe co-occurring impairments that may impact rehab
96
what is cognitive neuropsychological models and the 4 stages
single word processing studies help identify where the breakdown is in auditory and visual word processing by examining different stages of language comprehension and production. Not representing regions of brain —> instead there are cognitive modules. the independent stages help us to study disorders at various stages of impairment 4 stages: - phonological (hearing) and orthographic (seeing) input lexicon - semantic system --> gives meaning and context - phonologic (spoken) and orthographic (written) output lexicon --> finding phonemic meaning - written or spoken form —> cueing with phonemic cue can help with this stage
97
cognitive neuropsychological models pros and cons
pro: help inform clinical intervention with model based theory; provide cognitive baseline for observations cons: - are modules truly independent or is there overlap? - often based on single studies --> is it able to generalize - doesn't relate info back to neurobiology and regions of brain

Adult Lang Disorders (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions