Weeks 1-3

Question 1

Ambient Monitoring

Answer 1

-to measure concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air (direct emissions)

Question 2

List Some Primary Pollutants

Answer 2

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• PM(2.5), PM(10)

-Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

-Toxic Metals (Lead, mercury, arsenic)

Question 3

List some Secondary Pollutants

Answer 3

-Ground-level ozone (O3)

-Photochemical oxidants

-Atmospheric acids (H2SO4, HNO3)

-Secondary Particulate Matter

Question 4

Photochemical Smog

Answer 4

-Smog occurring in the summer

NO + HC + O2 + sunlight -> No2 + o3

Question 5

London Smog

Answer 5

Smog that occurs in the winter

SO2 + particles + high humidity -> smog

Question 6

Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)

Answer 6

Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)

Question 7

Temperature decrease (air pollution effects on climate change)

Answer 7

-Reduced incoming radiation energy due to air pollution

Question 8

Primary Standards

Answer 8

• provide public health protection, including protecting the health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly

Question 9

The Emission Standard Philosophy

Answer 9

-Cleanest air philosophy

-pollution emissions rates would be lowest possible

-the best tech is used when emission rate is not available

Question 10

The Air Quality Standard Philosophy

Answer 10

• “zero-damage” philosophy

-ensure that NAAQS will not be exceeded

Question 11

Emission Tax Philosophy

Answer 11

-not in use in pure form anywhere in the world

-implement tax each emitter of major pollutants according to emission rate

• can be considered as economic incentives

Question 12

Pollution Tax

Answer 12

• tax imposed on polluters to discourage pollution

Question 13

Ecotax

Answer 13

-taxes to promote environmentally friendly activities

Question 14

Emission Trading

Answer 14

-market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions

Question 15

Cap and Trade

Answer 15

-limit on overall emissions from emitting industry sectors, reduced each year (Cap)

• within the limit companies can buy and sell emission allowances as needed (Trade)

Question 16

Give the AQI (Air Quality Index) Values with their health concerns

Answer 16

(0-50) Good

(50-100) Moderate

(100-150) Unhealthy for sensitive groups

(150-200) Unhealthy

(200-300) Very Unhealthy

(300+ ) Hazardous

Question 17

Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Gravimetric Method

Pollutants:

Answer 17

Pollutants: Particulate Matter, TSP, PM10, PM2.5

Question 18

Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> West-Gaeke Method

Pollutants:

Answer 18

Pollutants: Sulfur Oxide

Question 19

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Chemiluminescent

Pollutant(s):

Answer 19

Pollutant: Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide

Question 20

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Non-dispersive infared (NDIR) adsorption

Pollutant(s):

Answer 20

Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide

Question 21

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Flame Ionization detection (FID)

Pollutant(s):

Answer 21

Pollutants: Hydrocarbons (non-methane)

Question 22

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> TSP Filter

Pollutant(s):

Answer 22

Pollutant: Lead (Pb)

Question 23

What is the general equation for emission estimation

Answer 23

E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)
E= emissions
A= activity rate
EF = emission factor
ER= Overall emission reduction efficiency %

Question 24

The emission factor for CO for coal combustion in large furnaces is 0.5 lb/ton. What is the corresponding emission factor for automobiles, in lb CO/ton of fuel burned. The permitted CO emission for new cars is 3.4 g/mile. Assume that the fuel economy is 25 mi/gal and the gasoline density is 0.67 kg/L

Answer 24

Solution:

E =A * EF

= (3.4 * 25)/ (.67 * 1000) = .0335 * (1/454)/(1/454.1000) = 67 lb/ton

Question 25

Is turbulence good?

Answer 25

yea, the more turbulence the higher mixing, which will lower the pollutant concentration

Question 26

Environmental Lapse Rate (E)

Answer 26

Actual change of temp with height Unstable if greater than 9.8 c/km Stable if less than 9.8 c/km

Question 27

Dry Adiabatic lapse rate (A or /-

Answer 27

-change in temp of a parcel of air as it moves upward w/out exchanging heat w/ its surroundings

Question 28

List when the atmospheric stability is - unstable - neutral - weakly stable - strongly stable with respects to (A and E)

Answer 28

E > A Unstable E = A. Neutral E < A Weakly stable E << A Strongly Stable

Question 29

Planetary Boundary Later (PBL)

Answer 29

- atmospehric layer adjacent to the surface in which mixing occurs - depth of the atmopsher where turbulent mixing takes place