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Air Quality > Weeks 1-3 > Flashcards

Weeks 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ambient Monitoring

A

-to measure concentrations of pollutants in the ambient air (direct emissions)

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2
Q

List Some Primary Pollutants

A

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

  • PM(2.5), PM(10)

-Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

-Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

-Toxic Metals (Lead, mercury, arsenic)

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3
Q

List some Secondary Pollutants

A

-Ground-level ozone (O3)

-Photochemical oxidants

-Atmospheric acids (H2SO4, HNO3)

-Secondary Particulate Matter

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4
Q

Photochemical Smog

A

-Smog occurring in the summer

NO + HC + O2 + sunlight -> No2 + o3

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5
Q

London Smog

A

Smog that occurs in the winter

SO2 + particles + high humidity -> smog

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6
Q

Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)

A

Temperature Increase (air pollution effects on climate change)

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7
Q

Temperature decrease (air pollution effects on climate change)

A

-Reduced incoming radiation energy due to air pollution

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8
Q

Primary Standards

A
  • provide public health protection, including protecting the health of “sensitive” populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly
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9
Q

The Emission Standard Philosophy

A

-Cleanest air philosophy

-pollution emissions rates would be lowest possible

-the best tech is used when emission rate is not available

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10
Q

The Air Quality Standard Philosophy

A
  • “zero-damage” philosophy

-ensure that NAAQS will not be exceeded

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11
Q

Emission Tax Philosophy

A

-not in use in pure form anywhere in the world

-implement tax each emitter of major pollutants according to emission rate

  • can be considered as economic incentives
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12
Q

Pollution Tax

A
  • tax imposed on polluters to discourage pollution
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13
Q

Ecotax

A

-taxes to promote environmentally friendly activities

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14
Q

Emission Trading

A

-market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions

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15
Q

Cap and Trade

A

-limit on overall emissions from emitting industry sectors, reduced each year (Cap)

  • within the limit companies can buy and sell emission allowances as needed (Trade)
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16
Q

Give the AQI (Air Quality Index) Values with their health concerns

A

(0-50) Good

(50-100) Moderate

(100-150) Unhealthy for sensitive groups

(150-200) Unhealthy

(200-300) Very Unhealthy

(300+ ) Hazardous

17
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> Gravimetric Method

Pollutants:

A

Pollutants: Particulate Matter, TSP, PM10, PM2.5

18
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants
> West-Gaeke Method

Pollutants:

A

Pollutants: Sulfur Oxide

19
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Chemiluminescent

Pollutant(s):

A

Pollutant: Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide

20
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Non-dispersive infared (NDIR) adsorption

Pollutant(s):

A

Pollutants: Carbon Monoxide

21
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> Flame Ionization detection (FID)

Pollutant(s):

A

Pollutants: Hydrocarbons (non-methane)

22
Q

Test Methods for Major Pollutants

> TSP Filter

Pollutant(s):

A

Pollutant: Lead (Pb)

23
Q

What is the general equation for emission estimation

A

E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)
E= emissions
A= activity rate
EF = emission factor
ER= Overall emission reduction efficiency %

24
Q

The emission factor for CO for coal combustion in large furnaces is 0.5 lb/ton. What is the corresponding emission factor for automobiles, in lb CO/ton of fuel burned. The permitted CO emission for new cars is 3.4 g/mile. Assume that the fuel economy is 25 mi/gal and the gasoline density is 0.67 kg/L

A

Solution:

E =A * EF

= (3.4 * 25)/ (.67 * 1000) = .0335 * (1/454)/(1/454.1000) = 67 lb/ton

25
Q

Is turbulence good?

A

yea, the more turbulence the higher mixing, which will lower the pollutant concentration

26
Q

Environmental Lapse Rate (E)

A

Actual change of temp with height

Unstable if greater than 9.8 c/km

Stable if less than 9.8 c/km

27
Q

Dry Adiabatic lapse rate (A or /-

A

-change in temp of a parcel of air as it moves upward w/out exchanging heat w/ its surroundings

28
Q

List when the atmospheric stability is
- unstable
- neutral
- weakly stable
- strongly stable
with respects to (A and E)

A

E > A Unstable
E = A. Neutral
E < A Weakly stable
E &laquo_space;A Strongly Stable

29
Q

Planetary Boundary Later (PBL)

A
  • atmospehric layer adjacent to the surface in which mixing occurs
  • depth of the atmopsher where turbulent mixing takes place
30
Q
A

Air Quality (7 decks)

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