Weeks 1-3 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What are the primary components of the cardiovascular system?
A
Heart and vessels (arteries, veins, and lymphatics)
2
Q
What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?
A
To transport blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste products.
3
Q
What percentage of deaths in the US in 202 were caused by heart disease?
A
27.8%
4
Q
What are the three layers of the heart?
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
5
Q
Name the four chambers of the heart
A
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
6
Q
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node and it’s function?
A
The heart’s natural pacemaker that initiates the electrical impulse for heart contraction
7
Q
Semilunar Valves
A
Aortic & Pulmonary
8
Q
AV Valves
A
Tricuspid & Mitral
9
Q
The heart base is _____, containing the ______ and largest ______
A
Wider, containing the atria and largest vessels
10
Q
The heart apex points _____ and to the ____; comprised of __________
A
Down and to the left; comprised of tips of ventricles
11
Q
The right side of the heart faces the _____ chest and the left side faces the ______ chest
A
Anterior; posterior
12
Q
Recieving chambers for blood from veins
A
Atria
13
Q
Pump blood to lungs and body
A
Ventricles
14
Q
Why is atrial contraction important?
A
Clots can form if atrial contraction is impaired; need to push blood into ventricles
15
Q
Which ventricle wall is thicker
A
Left ventricle wall (3/4 inch thick)
16
Q
3 layers of the heart
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
17
Q
Thick muscular layer that does the pumping
A
Myocardium
18
Q
Membrane covering the inside of the chambers, the valves and the papillary muscles
A
Endocardium
19
Q
Specialized muscle cells of the myocardium
A
Myocytes
20
Q
What happens to the heart during relaxation (diastole)
A
Ventricles fill with blood from the veins
21
Q
What accounts for 20% of ventricle filling
A
Atrial contraction (atrial systole)
22
Q
Period from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next heartbeat
A
Cardiac cycle
23
Q
Period of heart contraction
A
Systole
24
Q
Period of heart relaxation
A
Diastole
25
How many heart beats so we have per day?
86,000 beats/day
26
How much blood is pumped through the heart per day?
2000 gallons
27
In a healthy person, the heart can pump up to _________% more blood during exertion than when we are resting
400-700%
28
Volume of blood pumped during systole
Stroke Volume
29
In an average person resting, SV is about ____ mL
90mL
30
The portion % of blood pumped out of a filled ventricle during systole
Ejection fraction
31
A normal ejection fraction is at least ___%
50%
32
EF is a key measure of:
Overall heart function
33
If EF decreases due to disease, the heart _________
Enlarges to maintain stroke volume (congestive heart failure)
34
Total volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac output
35
CO = ________ x ________
Stroke volume x heart rate
36
Which law states that: amount of blood leaving heart during systole = amount of blood entering the heart during diastole
Frank Starling Law
37
What’s the easiest way to measure maximum heart rate?
MHR= 220-age
38
What is a safe and effective target heart rate?
0.7 MHR (70% of MHR)
39
The load of blood that the ventricles must lift/squeeze/push during systole
Preload
40
The load against which the heart contracts to push blood forward through aortic valve
Afterload
41
The tricuspid valve is located between:
R atrium and ventricle
42
The mitral valve is located between the:
L atrium and ventricle
43
The lub part is the:
S1 sound
44
The aortic valve is located between:
L ventricle and aorta
45
The pulmonary valve is located between the:
R ventricle and pulmonary artery
46
The semilunar valves produce the:
S2 sound
47
Heart Auscultation pattern
APETM (A pet monkey)
-Aortic
-Pulmonic
-Erb’s
-Tricuspid
-Mitral
48
Unlike other arteries the _______ fill mainly during diastole
Coronary aa
49
Where does coronary artery disease occur?
The inner layer (endothelium)
50
The 3 biggest coronary aa
Right main, left circumflex, left anterior descending
51
LAD supplies ___% of the total blood for the heart
45
52
The are two separate syncytia in the heart
-the atrial syncytium
-the ventricular syncytium
53
The _____ briefly delays the electrical signal, allowing the atria to contract
AV node
54
In healthy heart, _______ sets pace of heart (at
about 60-100 bpm at rest)
SA Node
55
If SA node fails, an ______ assumes pacing
responsibility (at ~ 60-80 bpm)
Atrial focus
56
If an atrial focus fails to assume pacing
responsibility, an ______ will take over
(at ~ 40-60 bpm)
AV junctional focus
57
If AV junction fails, a ventricular focus will begin
pacing heart – (slowly at ~______ bpm)
20-40
58
< 60 bpm =
Bradycardia
59
> 100 bpm =
Tachycardia
60
________stimulation (from T1-5) speeds the heart rate and increases the strength of contraction of the heart
Sympathetic
61
_________ stimulation (from the vagus) slows the heart rate and decreases the strength of heart contraction
Parasympathetic
62
Contraction strength during systole
Ionotrophic
63
Chronotrophic refers to the ______
Heart rate
64
Have strong muscular walls to help adjust local blood flow in response to needs - by local dilation or constriction
Arterioles
65
Microscopically thin walls to allow gas, nutrient and waste movement to and from tissues and
blood; lumen about 1 cell width in diameter
Capillaries
66
Similarly tiny vessels collect “used” blood
Venules
67
Leg veins have ____
Valves
68
Veins serve as a _________ when body is at rest
Blood reservoir
69
Venous pump =
Movement
70
Caused by hypoxia in myocardium secondary to
coronary artery obstruction
Angina Pectoris
71
Terms used to describe angina
Crushing, squeezing, pressure, feels like indigestion
72
Symptoms that can occur with angina
1. shortness of breath
2. nausea, sweating
3. lightheadedness
4. sense of impending doom
73
A hand or fist-sized area over the chest if asked where it hurts
Levine’s sign
74
Pain in Angina Pectoris
-Almost never a sharp pain
-Radiating to the back, neck, shoulders or arms
75
An Angina is typically provoked by ____ and relieved by ____
Exertion; Rest
76
Angina is provoked more easily by performing physical activities in _______ or ________
Cold weather or after a meal
77
Angina typically lasts just a few minutes, but is more ______ of discomfort
than a momentary “twinge”
78
Angina that occur predictably, don’t change, respond consistently to rest or meds
Stable angina
79
Angina wheresymptoms have changed: more severe, less predictable, less responsive to rest, nitroglycerine
Unstable angina
80
Variant angina
• spasms in coronary aa →→ severe chest pain
• can occur during the night
• often occurs without exertion
• sometimes caused by stress, exposure to cold, cigarette smoke
81
Classic sign of left heart failure
Dyspnea on Exertion (DOE)
82
A classic sign of heart failure
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)
83
Dyspnea relieved by sitting up
Orthopnea
84
PND is caused by:
Fluid accumulating in the lungs during sleep (fluid was in ankles during day)
85
Symptoms that may indicate a heart or circulation problem
• chest pain
• shortness of breath
• fatigue
• swelling
• loss of consciousness
• lightheadedness
• palpitations
• limb pain
86
Edema occurs especially in:
Dependent (lowest) part of the body, due to gravity
87
During Edema, the patient will first notice:
Unexplained weight gain
88
Edema can occur in:
-Abdomen: Leading to bloating and poor digestion
-Lungs: Leading to SOB
89
Vasovagal syncope
Simple fainting
90
During vasovagal syncope, the vasomotor center in the hypothalamus activates:
• strong muscle vasodilation
• intense vagal stimulation of the heart
• arterial BP drops instantly, leading to loss of blood to brain, and fainting
91
If syncope lasts longer than several seconds:
It is more serious
92
May occur due to heart arrhythmia, but suggest a primary brain disorder such as epilepsy, stroke, or tumor
Convulsions w/ syncope
93
Lightheadedness vs. Dizziness
• lightheadedness refers to the sensation that one is about to pass out (cardiac)
-true dizziness (vertigo) refers to the sensation that either the patient is spinning - or their surroundings are spinning around them (inner ear or brain problem)
94
The most common symptom of patients who have arrhythmias
Palpitations
95
Palpitations describe a sense of _______
Skipped heartbeats
96
When examining for palpitations pay most attention to:
• ↑ frequency, duration and severity, and associated symptoms
97
Some palpitations can be relieved by
Bearing down
98
SX are intermittent, occur distal to arterial
obstruction
• triggered by exertion walking or going up stairs
• relieved by resting
Intermitten Claudication/Peripheral Artery Disease
99
Sx of PAD/caluadication are ____ to location of artery blockage
Distal
100
Presence of PAD SX and SG increases likelihood that patient also has atherosclerotic disease in:
▪ coronary arteries
▪ carotids and other brain arteries
101
Other symptoms that may indicate a heart or circulation problem
• skin discoloration or sores
• shock symptoms
• sudden changes in:
• vision
• strength
• coordination
• speech
• sensations
102
A condition of acute peripheral circulatory failure due to derangement of circulatory control or loss of
blood
Shock
103
Cardiovascular Risk Factors That You Can’t Control
• your genetics/heredity/ family history
• your age
• your gender
104
Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Family History
• Cardiovascular diseases and deaths -especially young age
• Dyslipidemia (↑ TC, LDL, TG; ↓ HDL)
• Hypertension
• Obesity
• Diabetes Mellitus or metabolic syndrome
105
Age as a CV risk factor
– men over age 45
– women over age 55
106
CV risk factor: Gender
• Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading
cause of death in both sexes, but:
– being male increases the risk
– women develop CAD about 10 years later
than men
– being female begins to lose its CV advantage
after age 55
107
The leading cause of preventable illness and CV deaths in the US
Smoking
108
Risk Factor: Dyslipidemia includes
• Cholesterol
• LDL
• HDL
• Triglycerides
• Cholesterol:HDL ratio
109
Target serum cholesterol level
<200mg/dL
110
HDL target serum level
>45 mg/dL (> 55 females)
111
LDL target serum level
< 130 mg/dL
112
Target serum level TG
< 150 mg/dL
113
Total Cholesterol: HDL ratio
Optimal: <5
114
Waist Size
– higher risk for women: ≥ 35 in. (88 cm)
– high risk for men: ≥ 40 in. (102cm)
115
Waist to hip ratio (WHR)
– Higher CV risk if apple-shaped rather than
pear-shaped (Note: research published in 2011 challenges this idea)
• Higher risk for women: WHR > .85
• Higher risk for men: WHR > .9
116
Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk
• Note!!!!!!!
– DM → ↑ risk of getting CAD and PAD, but . . .
– DM → ↓ chance that patient will be aware of it
• (symptoms of heart disease (e.g., angina, claudication) may be
less in patients with DM, due to peripheral neuropathy
117
Metabolic Syndrome
↑ risk of CV dd and diabetes in pts with:
1. triglycerides > 150
2. HDL < 40 in men; < 50 in women
3. fasting glucose > 110
4. BP > 135/ > 85
5. abdominal obesity
• (waist >40” in men; > 35” in women)
118
homocysteine > ____ is associated with
elevated CV risk
5-7
