Weeks 1-7 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Describe what simple and main effects are?
A
simple effects are the statistical effects determined when analysing interaction effects, while main effects are the statistical effects of IVs
1
Q
The SNK test is also known as….
A
Neuman-Kuells test
2
Q
What is cluster sampling?`
A
Clusters are selected from the population, and then a random sample of individuals are taken from each of the selected clusters
2
Q
What is Error Rate Per Comparison?
A
The probability of making a Type 1 error on any given comparison
2
Q
In the case of two IVs we calculate three versions of _____, one for each IV and one for the interaction of the IVs treatment
A
MS
3
Q
What two types of samples can you obtain?
A
Probability samples, and non-probability samples
4
Q
Stratified Sampling?
A
The population is divided intro strata groups (subgroups) and then a random sample is selected from each of the strata
4
Q
The ___ is heavliy influenced by extreme scores
A
5
Q
What are mean, median, SD, mode called in a sample?
A
Statistics
6
Q
A steep curve in kurtosis with a positive value is called
A
Leptokurtic
6
Q
The difference between the largest and smallest value is called the ___
A
Range
6
Q
Ó2 is the symbol for _____ variance
A
Population
7
Q
How many F Values would you have if you had a factorial between groups ANOVA?
A
3: 2 IVs; 1 interaction
8
Q
Is there always error in research?
A
Yes
8
Q
What statistic do use receive from spss from ANOVAS
A
an F score
8
Q
____ describes how many people there are in the extremes of the curve
A
Kurtosis
8
Q
Compared to the one way ANOVA, in a one-way repeated measures ANOVA the ___ is reduced by removing the contribution made by individual differences
A
error
8
Q
A ___ is when the effect of one IV on the DV depends on the level of the other IV
A
interaction
9
Q
What is the third MS variable in a repeated measures ANOVA
A
MS between subjects
9
Q
s2 is the symbol for ____ variance
A
Sample
10
Q
The repeated measures ANOVA is very efficient so long as the scores _____ substantially
A
Correlate
10
Q
The ‘test of within subjects effects’ table is the output in a …
A
One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA
10
Q
In a mixed factorial ANOVA you ‘split’ the file by the ____-____ IV
A
between-subjects
11
Q
If Ho is true, than MS error and MS treatment should be…
A
equal, or the same
12
When do you use a z test?
When you know the population standard deviation
13
What extra assumptions are their for some repeated measures analyses
Test of Sphericity
14
*O* 2 e is?
MS error
15
Generalisability of results, interaction effects, economy, and being a very useful, common design are all advantages of the ...?
Mixed factorial design
15
Is a case study and survey method under the subgroup of descriptive research?
Yes
17
When looking at mixed factorial ANOVA interactions, what setting do you change in SPSS?
Split File
17
When would you use the Assumption of Homogeneity of Covariance?
When using a mixed factorial design
17
What does η2 Stand for?
Eta Squared
18
What does the Bonferroni correction calculate?
it adjusts the alpha level to equal alpha/ number of comparisons
19
What is a type 1 and 2 error?
1 when you incorrectly reject the H0, 2 when you incorrectly retain the HO
19
Is is most of the time easier to find a statistical difference within subjects?
Yes
19
When looking at mixed factorial ANOVA interactions, what setting do you change in SPSS?
Split File
19
Xij =μ+τj +eij What analysis uses this structual model?
ANOVA structual model
21
Sphericity is only useful when you have more than ___ level in your within-subjects variable with what test?
Mixed Factorial ANOVA
22
If MS treatment is a lot bigger than MS error than...?
there is a effect of the treatment, or manipulation
23
The ____ error is a common way of measuring sampling error?
standard error
24
To work out if there is a difference between several (more than two) groups, we calculate the population variance \_\_\_\_
Twice
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_ of results is one of the major advantages of a Factorial Design
Generalisability
26
Homogeneity of Covariance is an assumption of the between subjects component of a ...
Mixed factorial design
26
Xijk =μ+αi +βj +αβij +eijk What ANOVA uses this structural model?
Between Groups ANOVA
27
What 3 types of Factorial ANOVAS are there?
Factorial Between groups ANOVA, Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA, Mixed (split-plot) Factorial ANOVA
28
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is called the ____ error
Standard Error
28
MS stands for?
Mean Square
29
When do you use a one-way repeated measures ANOVA?
When there is only one independent variable, more than three levels, and participants are tested twice
31
Descritpvie, predictive, and ____ research are the three types of Psychological research stratergies
explanatory
33
What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?
1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic
33
*X**ijk* =μ+α*i* +π*j*/*i* +β*k* +αβ*ik* +πβ*jk*/*i* +*e**ijk*
Mixed Factorial ANOVA
34
What is the inter quartile range?
The middle 2, 25% sections, (without the outliers or the outer 25% on each side)
34
Xij =μ+πi +τj +eij This is the structual model for what ANOVA?
Repeated measures ANOVA
35
What is convenience (grab) sampling?
Sample is drawn from an accessible population
36
What analyses do you use to follow up Factorial ANOVA interactions ?
Simple effect analyses
37
What is linear contrast\>
Linear contrasts can be thought of as like a t test where you can compare not just groups but sets of groups (you assign weights to groups)
39
Is it impossible to attain all data from a population?
Yes
40
What are the most appropriate follow up tests to use for a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA?
repeated-measures tests using the Bonferonni correction
42
What are the two types of data?
Numerical and nominal
42
What is the most stable estimate of central tendency across samples?
Mean
43
What is Sphericity?
The variability in the differences between any pair of groups of scores should be approximately equal to the variability in the differences between any other pairs of group scores
45
Is numerical or nominal data quantitative?
Numerical
47
How many MSerror/s calculated in a between subjects factorial ANOVA?
1 MSerror
48
Explanatory research is usually involved in \_\_\_\_\_, while predicitve reserach is usually involed in \_\_\_\_
Experiments; correlation
49
Explain a 4x3x2x5 factorial design
4 IVs with levels of 4 3 2 5 respectively
50
Generalisability of Results, Interaction Effects and Economy are all advantages of ...
Factorial ANOVA
52
The characteristics of a populations are called \_\_\_\_\_
Parameters
54
What is sample error?
Sampling error is the difference between sample data and population data (difference between statistics and parameters)
56
What is an inference?
A proposed causal link between our sample and how it represents a population
56
Name the three advantages of Factorial ANOVA?
Generalisability of results, Interaction Effects, and Economy
58
How many MSerror scores are calculated in a between subjects factorial ANOVA?
1
59
Power is...
The probability of correctly rejecting a galse null hypothesis
61
σ *e*2 = ∑ *s* 2*j* / *k*
*Does this depend on the H0 Being True?*
No it does not: this is MS error
62
What is Quota Sampling?
Population is broken into categories, then participants selected based on reaching a specified proportion
64
In the Mixed Factorial ANOVA, the Box Test of Equality is used for the Homogeneity of \_\_\_\_\_
Covariance
66
In the repeated measures ANOVA, to get homogenity of variance, you divide the largest sample variance by the smallest sample variance to get a *F\_\_\_*
*Fmax*
67
You are more likely to have a ____ sampling error if you don't use random sampling OR have a small sample
Large
68
Snowball Sampling?
Recruit participants based on recommendations from already recruited participants
69
What test do you use in regards to the normal distribution when you do not know the population standard deviation?
A t test
70
What is a type 1 and 2 error?
1 when you incorrectly reject the H0, 2 when you incorrectly retain the HO
72
Represents the largest number of people; Is a real score from the data set; can be used with nominal data...These are the advantages of what measures of central tendecny?
Mode
73
What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?
1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_ effects are a very important advantage of Factorial Designs
Interaction
76
In skewness, is -.66 more to the positive or negative side?
Negative (hight to the right)
78
By calculating a statistic, we are giving a ____ estimate of a parameter, compared to a confidence interval which gives a ___ estimate of a parameter
point; Interval
79
When do you use a z test?
When you know the population standard deviation
80
Generalisability of results, Interaction effects, and Economy are the three advantages what ANOVA?
Factorial
81
It is always better to look at the effect of the within-subject variable at each level of the between subjects variable seperatly, in a ____ \_\_\_\_ ANOVA
Mixed Factoria ANOVA
82
What measure of central tendency is relatively unaffected by extreme scores?
Median
82
The best first thing to do when you have a significant interaction is ....
Look at the graph
83
σ *e*2 = *n s* *X*2
Does this depend on the H0 being true?
Yes it does: this is MS error
85
What are mean, median, SD, mode called in a population?
Parameters
86
What is a sample?
A set of scores from our population of interest
87
*X**ij* =μ+τ*j* +*e**ij*
ANOVA structual Model
88
What is systematic sampling?`
Sample chosen from a list of all individuals in population by selecting every Kth individual
90
*X**ij* =μ+π*i* +τ*j* +*e**ij*
Repeated Measures ANOVA
90
If the *F*max is less than ten, we can conclude....
That the homogeneity of variance assumption has not been violated
90
MSerror is the ___ condition variance, while MStreatment is the ____ condition variance
Within;Between
91
The most straightforward way of hypothesis testing of means is what type of test?
Z score
92
A flat curve that has a negative value is called
Platykurtic
93
It is easier to find statistical significance in a One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA because over the two test sessions we can take out the constant ___ of people
the bit that is special to them
94
σ *e*2 = ∑ *s* 2*j* / *k* ?
MS error
95
The formula for F is?
MS treatment divided by MS error
96
Do we talk about RAW data when we are using a standard normal curve?
No, that is where we conceptually use Standard Deviation
97
To calculate _____ you pool the estimates of variance from each group in our study
MS error
98
There is (one/two) MSerrors in a mixed factorial design
Two; one for the between subjects, one for the within-subjects
99
what is Purposive sampling?
Selecting people from a particular category based on the focus of the research
101
A bimodal distribution means two \_\_\_\_
Modes
103
When do you use a Factorial ANOVA?
when there is more than one independent variable
104
What is an interaction?
when there is a significant statistical finding between an interaction between 2 IVs
106
Is is most of the time easier to find a statistical difference within subjects?
Yes
107
How many IVs does a one way ANOVA have?
1
108
Some of the error is due to ___ rather than the entire population
sample
109
*X**ijk* =μ+α*i* +β*j* +αβ*ij* +*e**ijk*
Between groups factorial ANOVA
110
Does the MS error depend upon the HO being accurate?
No
111
Explain a 4x3x2x5 factorial design
4 IVs with levels of 4 3 2 5 respectively
113
What two types of samples can you obtain?
Probability samples, and non-probability samples
114
What is sample error?
Sampling error is the difference between sample data and population data (difference between statistics and parameters)
115
What is the square root of the data variance?
The Standard Deviation
116
When do you use Simple Effects analyses
ONLY when dealing with Factorial ANOVAs
117
What is the probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis?
Power
119
What is MS error?
an estimate of the population variance
120
What is simple random sampling?
Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being part of the sample
122
Random assignment is used in ____ psychological research?
explanatory
123
The standard ____ is a common way of measuring sampling error
error
124
To calculate power you need to know...
Sample size, Alpha level, and desired effect size
125
The Games-Howl is the best post hoc test when what assumption has not been met?
Homogeneity of Variance
126
What is MS error?
an estimate of the population variance
127
When do you use Simple Effects analyses
ONLY when dealing with Factorial ANOVAs
129
σ *e*2 = *n s* *X*2
This is?
MS Treatment
130
Does the MS treatment depend assume that the population variance HO is true
yes
131
What does the πi in Xij =μ+πi +τj +eij ?
The constant of each individual
132
*a = .05* is actually the __ rate per \_\_\_\_\_
Error; Comparison
133
Per comparison rate (*a*) x number of comparisons (*c*) = *ca,* or ....
the familywise error rate
134
What is the cutoff for the Box Test for Equality?
*p*
135
What is the standard error?
Is is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic
136
What is the a main effect?
The influence of ONE IV separate of the others
137
What is a Familywise Error Rate?
The probability of when you are running multiple comparisons that it could contain at least one type 1 error
138
Is quasi-experimental designs explanatory or predictive?
Predictive
139
How many IVs does factorial ANOVAS have?
more than 1
140
What is a Familywise Error Rate?
The probability of when you are running multiple comparisons that it could contain at least one type 1 error
141
The post hoc test called ___ is really valuable for different samples with large variance
scheffe
142
What test has the assumption of homogeneity of Covariance?
Mixed Factorial ANOVA
143
If you have a problem with Sphericity in a one-way repeated measures ANOVA what 'line' should you use?
Huynh-Feldt
144
Xijk =μ+αi +πj/i +βk +αβik +πβjk/i +eijk What ANOVA uses this structural Model?
Mixed Factorial ANOVA
145
Most of the time in psychological we are working with what scale of measurement?
Interval
146
What is the standard error?
It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic (if you took many samples and grouped all their means)
147
What type of ANOVA are we using when it outputs Main Effects?
Factorial ANOVA
148
Are correlational and quasi-experimental predicitve or explanatory?
Predicitve
149
A kurtosis score of zero would be called
Mesokurtic
150
What is the Kurtosis name for : 1 a normal distribution, 2 a very steeped curve distribution, 3 a flat curve distribution?
1 mesokurtic, 2 leptokurtic, 3 platykurtic
151
What is the standard error?
It is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic (if you took many samples and grouped all their means)
