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PTA 160 > Weeks 13 & 14: Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Weeks 13 & 14: Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the articulating surfaces of the vertebral column?

(8)

A
  1. Intervertebral jts
  2. Facet jts
  3. Atlanto-occipital (A-O)
  4. Atlanto-axial (A-A)
  5. Sternocostal
  6. Costovertebral
  7. Lumbo-sacral Junction
  8. Sacro-iliac (SI)
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2
Q

Facet Jts

What prime motions are available at cervical facet jts?

(C2-C7)

A

rotation
SB
flex
ext

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3
Q

Facet Jts

What prime motions are available at thoracic facet jts?

(In what directions do they occur?)

A

SB and rotation (occur together)

opposite directions

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4
Q

Facet Jts

What prime motions are available at lumbar facet jts?

A

flex
ext

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5
Q

Question:

If a pt SB to the R, which direction will the vertebrae rotate?

(Which part of the spine?)

A

L

thoracic

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6
Q

Question:

If a pt rotates to the R, which direction will the vertebrae SB?

(What part of the spine?)

A

L

thoracic

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7
Q

Atlanto-occipital Jt

What two structure form the A-O jt?

Which motion(s) are available?

A

atlas (C1) and occiput

flex, ext

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8
Q

Atlanto-axial Jt

What three structures form the A-A jt?

Which motion(s) are available?

A

axis (C2)
atlas (C1)
transverse ligament

rotation

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9
Q

Atlanto-axial Jt

What are the processes of the axis (C2) called?

What kind of processes are they?

A

dens

odontoid

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10
Q

Atlanto-axial Jt

What structure runs through the transverse foramen?

To and from which vertebrae does it run?

A

vertebral artery

C5/6-C2

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11
Q

Sterno-costal Jts

Where are the sterno-costal jts located?

A

anterior attachment of the ribs to the sternum

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12
Q

Sterno-costal Jts

  • ribs 1-7
  • ribs 8-10
  • 11-12

Describe

A
  • true ribs (attach directly to sternum through their own cartilage)
  • false ribs (attached indirectly through common costal cartilage)
  • floating ribs (no sternal attachment/attached to each other)
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13
Q

Costovertebral Jts

Where do the costovertebral jts articulate?

What aer the two areas of articulation?

A

posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae

transverse process
vertebral body (facet)

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14
Q

Costovertebral Jts

What are the prime motion(s) available?

A

slight motion during rib expansion during respiration

The ribs limit all motions of the thorax

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15
Q

Lumbo-sacral Junction

Where do the lumbo-sacral jts articulate?

A

L5-S1

  • majority of low back motion occurs at this junction
  • frequent site of disc herniation
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16
Q

Lumbo-sacral Junction

What is the lumbosacral angle?
What is the normal value?

What factors can affect the lumbosacral angle?
What is the result?

A

top line parallel to top of scarum
bottom line parallel to floor

Normal value ≈ 30º

lumbar lordosis
increased LS angle = anterior pelvic tilt
decreased LS angle = posterior pelvic tilt

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17
Q

Sacro-iliac Jt

Where does the SI jt articulate?
What is its function?

A

between sacrum and ilium*

provide stability

* together with the ischium, these three bones form the pelvic girdle

no voluntary motion is available, however motion does occur with gait (may be excessive or reduced)

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18
Q

Ligaments

Where is the iliolumbar ligament located?

Which motion(s) does it limit?

A

runs laterally from the transverse process of L5 to the inner lip of the posterior iliac crest

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19
Q

What is the thoracoculumnar fascia?
What does it consist of?

A

thick structure of fascia that provides dynamic support to the spine

Composition:
* three layers of fascia
* the aponeuroses of the latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, internal obliques, and transverse abdominus

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20
Q

During trunk flexion…

What happens to the nucleus pulposis?
The annulus fibrosis?
The intervertebral space?

(Which aspect of the intervertebral space?)

A

nucleus - moves posterior
annulus - posterior part taut, anterior part lax
intervertebral space - widens

(posterior aspect)

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21
Q

During trunk flexion…

What happens to the nucleus pulposis?
The annulus fibrosis?
The intervertebral space?

A

nucleus - moves anterior
annulus - anterior part taut, posterior part lax
intervertebral space - narrows

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22
Q

Question:

In what position would a pt with lumbar disc problems be most comfortable?

A

trunk flexion

NOT helpful for recovery

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23
Q

What is the cartilaginous end plate?
What is its function?

A

thin layer of connective tissue between the vertebral body and the disc

provides nutrition to the disc via diffusion from the vertebral body marrow

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24
Q

Lordosis

In which plane is this curvature located?
From which view can it be noted?
Where in the spine does normal lordosis occur?

Is this curve primary or secondary? Why?

A

sagittal
lateral view
cervical & lumbar regions

Secondary as these curves develop later in life

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25
Q

Kyphosis

In which plane is this curvature located?
From which view can it be noted?
Where in the spine does normal kyphosis occur?

Is this curve primary or secondary? Why?

A

sagittal
lateral view
thoracic region

Primary due to position of fetal development

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26
Q

What is the closed pack position of the spine?

A

extension

This is true for all three regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar

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27
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers in head flexion?

A

prevertebrals

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28
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers in head extension?

A

suboccipitals

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29
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the four muscles that compose the prevertebrals?

A

longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis

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30
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the four muscles that make up the suboccipitals?

A

obliquus capitis superior & inferior
rectus capitis posterior major & minor

31
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers in cervical flexion?

(3)

A

SCM
scalenes
longus colli

32
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers in cervical extension?

(7)

A

splenius cervisis & capitus
longissimus cervisis
iliocostalis cervisis
semispinalis cervisis
multifidus
upper trapezius

33
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers in cervical SB?

(7)

A

SCM
scalenes
splenius cervisis & capitus
longissimus cervisis
iliocostalis cervisis
levator scapulae

34
Q

Spine AROM

What is the inclinometer norm for thoracic/lumbar flexion?

A

80º

35
Q

Spine AROM

What is the incinometer norm for thoracic/lumbar extension?

A

25º

36
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring thoracic/lumbar flex/ext with a tape measure?

A

C7 - S2

37
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring thoracic/lumbar flex/ext with an inclinometer?

A

T1 - S2

38
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring lumbar flex/ext with a tape measure?

A

S2 - 15 cm superior to S2

39
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring lumbar flex/ext with an inclinometer?

A

T12 - S2

40
Q

Spine AROM

What is the AROM norm for thoracic/lumbar SB?

A

35º

41
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring thoracic/lumbar SB with a tape measure?

A

distance between third fingertip and floor

42
Q

Spine AROM

What are the landmarks for measuring thoracic/lumbar SB with an inclinometer?

A

T1 - S2

43
Q

Spine AROM

What are the goni landmarks for thoracic/lumbar SB?

A

Axis: S2
Stationary arm: perpendicular to floor
Moving arm: spinous process of C7

44
Q

Spine AROM

What is the AROM norm for thoracic/lumbar rotation?

A

45º

45
Q

Spine AROM

What are the goni landmarks for thoracic/lumbar rotation?

A

Axis: center of head
Stationary arm: line between the two prominent tubercles of the iliac crest
Moving arm: line between the acromial processes

46
Q

Ligaments

Where is the anterior longitudinal ligament located?

What motion does it limit?
Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

anterior aspect of vertebral body

extension
intersegmental

47
Q

Ligaments

Where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?

What motion does it limit?
Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

posterior aspect of the vertebral body and anterior aspect of the vertebral foramen

flexion
intersegmental

48
Q

Ligaments

Where is the ligamentum flavum located?

Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

What motion does it limit?

A

posterior aspect of the vertebral foramen
connects the laminae* of the vertebra

intrasegmental

flexion

*the lamina is the bony part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal column

49
Q

Ligaments

Where is the interspinous/interspinal ligament located?

Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

What motion does it limit?

A

between each spinous process

flexion

50
Q

Ligaments

Where is the intertransverse ligament located?

What motion does it limit?
Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

between each transverse process

sidebending
intrasegmental

51
Q

Ligaments

Where is the supraspinal ligament located?

What motion does it limit?
Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

along the tips of the spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

flexion
intersegmental

52
Q

Ligaments

Where is the ligamentum nuchae located?

What motion does it limit?
Is it intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

along the tips of the spinous processes from occiput to C7

flexion
intersegmental

53
Q

Cervical Muscles

What are the prime movers for cervical rotation?

(6)

A

SCM
scalenes
spelnius cervicis
splenius capitis
levator scapulae
multifidus

54
Q

Cervical Muscles

When contracting unilaterally, to which side do the cervical rotation muscles rotate the neck?

(same or opposite?)

A

SCM: opposite
scalenes: opposite
multifidus: opposite
spelnius cervisis/capitis: same
levator scapulae: same

example:
R SCM contracts - neck rotates L
R levator contracts - neck rotates R

55
Q

Trunk Muscles

What are the prime movers of trunk flexion?

A

rectus abdominis
internal obliques
external obliques

56
Q

Trunk Muscles

What are the primer movers of trunk extension?

A

erector spinae*
mulifidus
quadratus lumborum

*spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

57
Q

Trunk Muscles

What are the prime movers of trunk sidebending?

To which side do they bend if contracting unilaterally?

A

external obliques
internal obliques
longissimus thoracic
iliocostalis
quadratus lumborum
psoas major

same side

58
Q

Trunk Muscles

What are the prime movers of trunk rotation?

A

external obliques
internal obliques
rotatores
multifidus

59
Q

Trunk Muscles

When contracting unilaterally, to which side do the trunk muscles rotate the spine?

A

external obliques: opposite
rotatores: opposite
multifidus: opposite
internal obliques: same

60
Q

Muscle Actions

What are the prevertebral muscles?

What is this muscle group called?

(4)

A

longus colli
longus capitis
rectus capitis anterior
rectus capitis lateralis

anterior head flexors

61
Q

Muscle Actions

What is the purpose of the prevertebral muscles?

A
  • maintain postural control
  • perform chin tuck exercise
62
Q

Muscle Actions

What are the suboccipital muscles?

(4)
What is this muscle group called?

A

obliquus capitis superior/inferior
rectus capitis posterior major/minor

synergistic group that performs head extension

63
Q

Muscle Actions

What are the trunk extensors?

A

Splenius capitis/cervicis*
Erector spinae
Transversospinalis
Quadratus lumborum

*cervical region only

64
Q

Muscle Actions

What are the muscles of the erector spinae?

A

spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis

65
Q

Muscle Actions

What does the spinalis muscle connect?

A

spinous processes

66
Q

Muscle Actions

What does the longissimus muscle connect?

A

transverse processes

67
Q

Muscle Actions

What does the iliocostalis muscle connect?

A

attach laterally to the ribs

68
Q

Muscle Actions

What are the transversopsinals muscles?

What do they do?
What is their line of pull?

A

semispinalis
rotatores
multifidus

trunk extension
oblique

69
Q

Muscle Actions

What does the semispinalis muscle connect?

A

spans 5+ vertebra

70
Q

Muscle Actions

What do the rotatores connect?

A

spans 1 vertebra

71
Q

Muscle Actions

What does the multifidus connect?

A

spans 2-4 vertebra

72
Q
A
73
Q

Muscle Actions

What is the deepest abdominal muscle?
What is its function?

A

transverse abdominis
compress and support the abdominal viscera

PTA 160 (11 decks)

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