Weeks 2 & 3

Question 1

Independent Variable

Answer 1

“cause,” controlled, x-axis.

Question 2

Depedent Variable

Answer 2

“effect,” measured, y-axis.

Question 3

Random Sample

Answer 3

When everyone in a target population has equal chance of being in the study.

Question 4

Convenience Sample

Answer 4

Selecting people for the study who are easy and ready to recruit.

Question 5

Theoretical Definition

Answer 5

What we think the concept is, broad, but straight forward. Ex: defining happiness.

Question 6

Operational Definition

Answer 6

Defining the variable in terms of operations we will perform to measure it or manipulate it. More specific. (Ex: Number of times somebody smiles in a day).

Question 7

If two variables correlate, what are three possible cause and effect relationships between them?

Answer 7

IV causes DV
DV causes IV (reverse causation)
Another variable affecting IV and/or DV (third variable)

Question 8

Three conditions to prove cause and effect

Answer 8

association, temporal precedence, rule out alternative explanations.

Question 9

Association

Answer 9

The cause and effect must correlate.

Question 10

Temporal Precedence

Answer 10

Cause must precede the effect (directionality).

Question 11

Ruling out alternative explanations

Answer 11

There should be no other plausible causes of the effect. (Third variable problem).

Question 12

Manipulation

Answer 12

Participants forced to undergo one procedure or another. Controls extraneous variables.

Question 13

Random Assignment

Answer 13

Everyone participating has an equal chance of being in every condition - removes potential third variable as all groups are on average the same before IV.

Question 14

Internal Validity

Answer 14

The extent to which the relation between the operationally defined IV and operational defined DV is casual. Only high in experiments.

Question 15

External Validity

Answer 15

The extent to which the relationship discovered between the conceptual IV and conceptual DV truly exists in desired “real-world” group. Higher for survey/correlational research.

Question 16

Construct Validity

Answer 16

Quality of the operational definition.

Question 17

Statistical Validity

Answer 17

Extent to which the conclusions drawn from the data are supported by the quality of the data collected. Enhanced by larger sample sizes, larger effect sizes, and statistical procedure/control

Question 18

Staged Manipulations

Answer 18

Use elaborate ruse to create psychological state (natural response).

Question 19

Mundane Realism

Answer 19

The extent to which the study replicates conditions that occur in the real world.

Question 20

Experimental/Psychological Realism

Answer 20

The study creates real psychological states in the participants. How much it engages the participants. Same mental process used in both lab and real-world.

Question 21

Manipulation Checks

Answer 21

Try to directly measure the psychological state being created.

Question 22

Pilot Testing

Answer 22

Run small portion of your study first; look at data, debrief participants.

Question 23

Noise

Answer 23

Variability in resuslts.

Question 24

Confounds

Answer 24

Something other than IV that differs between conditions and provides a possible alternative explanation.

Question 25

Between-Subjects Designs/ Independent Groups Designs

Answer 25

When participants are only in one condition.

Question 26

Within-Subjects Design/Repeated Measures Designs

Answer 26

When each participant is in each condition. Quicker, more statistically powerful.

Question 27

Order Effect

Answer 27

The order of presenting treatments could affect your results.

Question 28

Practice Effect

Answer 28

Performance improves.

Question 29

Fatigue Effect

Answer 29

Performance worsens.

Question 30

Counterbalancing

Answer 30

Randomizing the order of events for different participants.

Question 31

Demand Characteristics

Answer 31

Expectations about the study changing the participants' behaviour.

Question 32

Experimenter Expectancy Effects

Answer 32

Person running study affects behaviour.

Question 33

Double-Blind Technique

Answer 33

Both experimenter and participant are unaware of the hypothesis.

Question 34

Block Randomization

Answer 34

All conditions randomly occur once before they are repeated for each participant.

Question 35

Context Effects

Answer 35

Being tested in one condition affecting how participants perceive stimuli or interpret their task in later conditions.

Question 36

Experiment

Answer 36

Study designed to specifically answer whether there is a casual relationship between two variables. Includes manipulation, controlling extraneous variables.

Question 37

Waitlist Control Condition

Answer 37

Participants are told they'll receive treatment but have to wait until participants in treatment condition have received it.

Question 38

Simultaneous Within-Subject Designs

Answer 38

Making multiple responses, presenting multiple conditions at once.

Question 39

If ___ is possible always do that

Answer 39

Within-Subjects. | Control extraneous participant variables, limit noise, easier to detect relationship.