Weeks 7 & 8 - Young & middle adulthood

Question 1

The changes that occur in vision during middle adulthood make it necessary that most adults ____.

a. take the visual test each time they renew their licences
b. get reading glasses
c. never drive at night
d. are no longer able to read

Answer 1

b. get reading glasses

Question 2

In regards to cognitive processing in mid-adulthood, automaticity makes problem-solving fast and efficient, and ____ do not have to sort consciously through every alternative but are very quick to problem-solve.

a. novices
b. beginners
c. experts
d. greenhorns

Answer 2

c. experts

Question 3

Compared to childhood, self-esteem ____ during adolescence, then ____ during emerging adulthood.

a. plateaus; declines
b. rises; plateaus
c. declines; rises
d. rises; declines

Answer 3

c. declines; rises

Question 4

Jacob has been pressured by his father to take over the family farm. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this identity status because that is what is best for his parents. He has not explored his options, but has passively accepted the identity his father imposed on him. From James Marcia’s model, which of the following identity statuses can Jacob’s be categorised as?

a. Foreclosure
b. Moratorium
c. Achievement
d. Diffusion

Answer 4

a. Foreclosure

Question 5

____ involves leaving behind the ways of one’s ethnic group and adopting the values and way of life of the majority culture, whereas ____ involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture.

a. Marginality; assimilation
b. Assimilation; marginality
c. Separation; biculturalism
d. Biculturalism; separation

Answer 5

b. Assimilation; marginality

Question 6

One of the most important physical changes of midlife occurs in the reproductive system. What is the term used to indicate a decline in fertility?

a. Cacography
b. Cochlea
c. Climatology
d. Climacteric

Answer 6

d. Climacteric

Question 7

Anthropologists have found that in virtually all traditional cultures, the transition to adulthood is clearly and explicitly marked by ____.

a. leaving the parental household
b. completing secondary education
c. financial independence
d. marriage

Answer 7

d. marriage

Question 8

What are the major health risks for emerging adults?

a. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes
b. Sexually transmitted infections
c. Hypertension
d. Car accidents and substance abuse

Answer 8

d. Car accidents and substance abuse

Question 9

People like to find in others a match that reaffirms their own way of looking at the world. This is referred to as ____.

a. commonality
b. consensual validation
c. re-invention
d. recalibrating

Answer 9

b. consensual validation

Question 10

Which of these measures of fluid intelligence decline steeply throughout adulthood?

a. Perceptual speed
b. Numeric ability
c. Spatial orientation
d. Vocabulary

Answer 10

a. Perceptual speed

Question 11

According to the text, societies are willing to make large financial investments in tertiary education because an educated population ____.

a. is a key to economic growth in a world economy that is increasingly based on information, technology and services

b. is a key to military defence and cybersecurity

c. is a key to a democratic government and buffers a nation from radical thought

d. allows for a greater degree of homogeneity, unity and an appreciation of diversity

Answer 11

a. is a key to economic growth in a world economy that is increasingly based on information, technology and services

Question 12

Two of the most notable aspects of post-formal thinking in emerging adulthood are ____.

a. animism and personal fables
b. egocentrism and reality testing
c. hypothetical and deductive reasoning
d. pragmatism and reflective judgment

Answer 12

d. pragmatism and reflective judgment

Question 13

When asked about their goals, midlife adults tend to mention _______.

a. goals that are unreasonable
b. lofty goals
c. goals regarding fame
d. fulfilling roles as parents, spouses or friends

Answer 13

d. fulfilling roles as parents, spouses or friends

Question 14

Osgood and others have found that there is a relationship between risky behaviour such as crime and dangerous driving and ____.

a. structured socialisation
b. older age
c. social investment
d. unstructured socialising

Answer 14

d. unstructured socialising

Question 15

In the United States, the divorce risk peaks in young adulthood, 5–10 years after marriage, which suggests that ____.

a. the self-concepts of each partner become established and are incongruent

b. the financial strain has become too unbearable

c. the strains of caring for young children may make maintaining marital intimacy more problematic

d. the careers of each partner begin to interfere with the amount of time they have to spend with each other

Answer 15

c. the strains of caring for young children may make maintaining marital intimacy more problematic

Question 16

Which of the following is an environmental cause for decreased auditory acuity during middle adulthood?

a. The eardrum and other structures in the inner ear become less flexible.

b. In the brain, the auditory cortex becomes less efficient in processing information from the inner ear.

c. The cilia in the inner ear begin to thin, making it more difficult to hear.

d. Having a history of working within a factory or a job that exposes a person to chronically loud noises.

Answer 16

d. Having a history of working within a factory or a job that exposes a person to chronically loud noises.

Question 17

A number of studies of persons with outstanding accomplishments have found that their creative achievements rise during young adulthood and peak in the ____ then gradually decline.

a. 30s and early 40s
b. 40s and early 50s
c. 50s and early 60s
d. 60s and early 70s

Answer 17

a. 30s and early 40s

Question 18

According to the text, when is marriage satisfaction generally at its lowest?

a. During the first year
b. During the second year
c. During child raising
d. When the last child has left

Answer 18

c. During child raising

Question 19

Erikson used the term identity crisis to describe the process through which young people construct their identity, but Marcia and other current scholars prefer what term?

a. Confusion
b. Exploration
c. Emergency
d. Selection

Answer 19

b. Exploration

Question 20

Kulika is a Cambodian Australian in his early 30s. For the last 5 years he has provided for and taken care of his mother, who was unemployed due to an economic recession. Being recently married, he is ready to begin his new life as a husband and father. It is quite clear that he is torn between his old life, which involved his mother, and his new life, which involves his wife. From Jennifer Tanner’s (2006) stance on emerging adulthood, which of the following best describes Kulika’s situation?

a. Re-centring
b. Re-negotiating
c. Re-evaluating
d. Re-assessing

Answer 20

a. Re-centring

Question 21

Levinson found that during the transition to early adulthood, most young people __________.
a. constructed a dream that guided their decision making
b. became reflective about the meaning of life
c. became “keepers of meaning,” or guardians of their culture
d.focused on finding a life partner

Answer 21

a. constructed a dream that guided their decision making

Question 22

When asked about their goals, midlife adults tend to mention _______.
a. goals that are unreasonable
b. lofty goals
c. goals regarding fame
d. fulfilling roles as parents, spouses or friends

Answer 22

d. fulfilling roles as parents, spouses or friends

Question 23

Cate, age 49, acknowledges that she has both good and bad qualities, yet she feels positively about herself and life. Cate exhibits __________.
a. assimilation
b. self-acceptance
c. autonomy
d. the personal fable

Answer 23

b. self-acceptance

Question 24

You overhear your brother, who is 32, talking to his friends who are about the same age as he is. They are speaking about how they feel about adulthood. The consensus is that they all felt like adults around what age?

a. When they were in their late teens
b. They still do not feel like adults
c. When they were in their early twenties
d. When they were in their late twenties

Answer 24

d. When they were in their late twenties

Question 25

in the United States, nearly all 18- to 29-years olds (89%) agreed with the statement, ______________
a) ‘I have chosen a career path that brings satisfaction and stability to my life.’
b) ‘I am confident that eventually I will get to where I want to be in life.’
c ‘I am who I am, and that is never going to change.’
d ‘It’s a relief to finally be financially independent.’

Answer 25

b) ‘I am confident that eventually I will get to where I want to be in life.’

Question 26

According to Arnett, four revolutionary changes took place in the ______________ that laid the foundation for the new life stage of emerging adulthood.
a) 1960s and 1970s
b) 1980s and 1990s
c) 1990s and 2000s
d) past decade

Answer 26

a) 1960s and 1970s

Question 27

An emerging adult answered the question ‘What is the most important criterion for becoming an adult?’ with the response of ‘becoming capable of supporting my parents financially’. This person is most likely from ______________.
a) Germany
b) France
c) Australia
d) Japan

Answer 27

d) Japan

Question 28

When asked about the most important criteria for becoming an adult, an emerging adult from a Western country is most likely to say ______________.
a) getting married
b) having a child
c) being financially independent
d) moving out of their parents’ house

Answer 28

c) being financially independent

Question 29

Research has shown that in developing countries, ______________ are more likely to experience emerging adulthood.
a) young people in urban areas
b) females
c) young people from divorced families
d) young people who are true to their traditional heritage

Answer 29

a) young people in urban areas

Question 30

Grip strength, cardiac output, maximum oxygen uptake and bone density all peak during what time period?
a) The early teen years
b) The 20s
c) The 30s
d) The 40s

Answer 30

b) The 20s

Question 31

Which of the following statements about the health of emerging adults is most accurate?
a) most emerging adults experience an increased susceptibility to physical illness due to the increased stressors associated with this developmental period.
b) Exercise tends to decline from adolescence to emerging adulthood, but overall this is a healthy stage of life.
c) Emerging adults are at a high risk of getting cancer and heart disease.
d) The immune system is least effective during emerging adulthood.

Answer 31

b) Exercise tends to decline from adolescence to emerging adulthood, but overall this is a healthy stage of life.

Question 32

According to research (Brown et al., 2002), university students are more than twice as likely as other adults to report ______________.
a) taking naps
b) insomnia
c) delayed sleep phase syndrome
d) restless leg syndrome

Answer 32

c) delayed sleep phase syndrome

Question 33

Which of the following statements best summarises the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults?
a) Preference for being a morning person versus a night person changes with age due to increased levels of cortisol.
b) Students who stayed up all night before exams thought they did worse than their peers who got a full night’s sleep.
c) The peak of eveningness comes at around ages 20–21.
d) Research showing delayed sleep phase syndrome and sleep debt is based mostly on emerging adults who work full time, rather than those who attend university, because their lives are so hectic.

Answer 33

c) The peak of eveningness comes at around ages 20–21.

Question 34

Which of the following statements best summarises the current research on university students’ sleep patterns?
a) Although they cause a number of ailments, sleep problems are relatively rare among university students.
b) Preferences for morningness and eveningness change with age.
c) Although incurring a sleep debt can result in changes in mood, it does not affect cognitive functioning.
d) most emerging adults tend towards morningness after their first year of university.

Answer 34

b) Preferences for morningness and eveningness change with age.

Question 35

1 Several interventions have been developed to reduce car injuries and fatalities for young drivers. Which of the following approaches has been shown to be most effective?
a) mandatory drivers’ education
b) graduated driver licensing programs
c) increasing the minimum driving age
d) Safe-driving pledges

Answer 35

b) graduated driver licensing programs

Question 36

Across developed countries, the most serious threat to the lives and health of adolescents and emerging adults comes from ______________.
a) accidental overdoses
b) car driving
c) homicide
d) suicide

Answer 36

b) car driving

Question 37

Researchers who study young drivers have found that ______________.
a) as a result of campaigns to increase the use of seat belts, young people are now as likely as older drivers to wear seat belts
b) rates of accidents and fatalities are low in the early months of driving, but increase steadily as new drivers gain confidence
c) young drivers are no more likely to drive at excessive speeds compared to their older counterparts, but are more likely to report driving under the influence of alcohol
d) young drivers are more likely than older drivers to believe their friends would approve of risky driving behaviour, such as speeding

Answer 37

d) young drivers are more likely than older drivers to believe their friends would approve of risky driving behaviour, such as speeding

Question 38

Data from the US Monitoring the Future study has shown that substance use of all kinds peaks in the ______________.
a) early teens
b) mid-teens
c) 20s
d) 30s

Answer 38

c) 20s

Question 39

The relationship between unstructured socialising and deviance applies to ______________.
a) both genders
b) substance abuse, but not other types of risk behaviour
c) only those in developed countries
d) only those from Caucasian backgrounds

Answer 39

a) both genders

Question 40

Two of the most notable aspects of ______________ in emerging adulthood concern advances in pragmatism and reflective judgment.
a) concrete thought
b) post-formal thought
c) hypothetical and deductive reasoning
d) metacognition

Answer 40

b) post-formal thought

Question 41

According to Labouvie-Vief, how would an adolescent who is in formal operations respond to the following scenario? ‘A man who was a heavy drinker, especially at parties, was warned by his wife that if he came home drunk one more time, she would leave him and take the children. Some time later he went to an office party and came home drunk. What will she do?’
a) ‘did he apologise and beg her not to leave? did she really mean it when she said she would leave him?’
b) ‘She said she would leave if he came home drunk once more, he came home drunk, therefore she will leave.’
c) ‘does she have some place to go?’
d) ‘does she really want to leave? it was most likely just a threat.’

Answer 41

b) ‘She said she would leave if he came home drunk once more, he came home drunk, therefore she will leave.’

Question 42

Bianca, a third-year university student, has developed a type of thinking that would be characterised as relativism. This means that she ______________.
a) is able to perform mental operations on tangible problems, but lacks abstract thought
b) is able to understand the laws of relativity
c) is able to recognise the legitimacy of competing points of view
d) has metacognitive awareness

Answer 42

c) is able to recognise the legitimacy of competing points of view

Question 43

According to Perry, adolescents tend to engage in ______________: an act is either right or wrong, with no in-between; a statement is either true or false, regardless of the nuances of the situation.
a) concrete thinking
b) relative hypothesis testing
c) dualistic thinking
d) rigid thinking

Answer 43

c) dualistic thinking

Question 44

According to Perry, reflective judgment ______________.
a) refers to a type of dualistic thinking
b) is more common when the educational system promotes tolerance of diverse points of view
c) is less likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism
d) is more characteristic of first-year university students than those in their final year because first-year university students are more open to new ideas

Answer 44

b) is more common when the educational system promotes tolerance of diverse points of view

Question 45

You are talking to a person from another country. She told you that when she was admitted to university in her native country, she studied in only one topic area, rather than taking courses in various disciplines as part of general education requirements. On which of the following continents is she most likely to have attended university?
a) United States
b) Europe
c) Canada
d) Japan

Answer 45

b) Europe

Question 46

What is the main reason it takes much longer to complete an undergraduate degree now compared to a few decades ago?
a) Students are not academically prepared for university training and must take remedial coursework.
b) Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree.
c) Students lack focus and change their majors quite a few times, which adds time on to their academic programs.
d) more students transfer to different institutions that do not accept all of their previous credits.

Answer 46

b) Financial concerns require that students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree.

Question 47

A student from _______________ would be most likely to describe their university experience as a relatively relaxed time to think and explore.
a) Canada
b) England
c) Japan
d) China

Answer 47

c) Japan

Question 48

Which of the following is one of the largest factors explaining the high rates of unemployment among minority groups?
a) A resurgence of growth in manufacturing jobs
b) minority group members’ unwillingness to look for jobs
c) Shifting employment patterns in the economy
d) A strong allegiance to family that results in either not applying for the job or leaving it when it requires relocating

Answer 48

c) Shifting employment patterns in the economy

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be unemployed in emerging adulthood?
a) Simon, an indigenous Australian
b) liam, a European Australian
c) Jon, an Asian Australian
d) As a result of the struggling economy, rates of unemployment are equally high among all ethnic groups.

Answer 49

a) Simon, an indigenous Australian

Question 50

What happens to self-esteem for most people during emerging adulthood?
a) it remains at about the same level as it did in adolescence.
b) it increases for females, but declines slightly for males.
c) it increases.
d) it declines gradually until rising again in middle adulthood.

Answer 50

c) it increases.

Question 51

According to Erikson’s theory, ______________.
a) identity develops in emerging adulthood
b) failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in role confusion
c) the search for identity is better described as exploration rather than crisis
d) adolescents can be classified into one of four identity statuses based on an interview measure

Answer 51

b) failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in role confusion

Question 52

Jacob, an only child, has been pressured by his father to take over the family car business. Reluctantly, Jacob has agreed to this because his father told him that he wanted to be able to pass on the fruits of his labour and Jacob doesn’t think he can earn a better salary doing anything else. He has not explored his options, but has passively accepted the identity his father has imposed on him. According to Marcia’s model, Jacob would be described as ______________.
a) identity achieved
b) diffused
c) foreclosed
d) in moratorium

Answer 52

c) foreclosed

Question 53

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is reflected in the idea of the ‘melting pot’?
a) Biculturalism
b) Separation
c) Assimilation
d) marginality

Answer 53

c) Assimilation

Question 54

Shakira and Jerome are in an argument over child care. Rather than put their two children in day care, Jerome would like to be a stay-at-home father. Shakira thinks that because Jerome is a man, he will not be able to nurture and care for their two children as well as she would. Shakira is exhibiting concerns rooted in ______________.
a) gender stereotypes
b) a separated identity status
c) prejudice
d) egocentrism

Answer 54

a) gender stereotypes

Question 55

Doug refers to himself as a ‘cafeteria Catholic’ because he believes in God and follows some of the practices of his religion, but ignores the rest. According to Smith and Snell (2010), Doug would be categorised as ______________.
a) an agnostic
b) a deist
c) a liberal believer
d) a conservative believer

Answer 55

c) a liberal believer

Question 56

Research on the religious beliefs and practices of emerging adults has shown that ______________.
a) number of risk behaviours, as well as higher wellbeing
b) most are categorised as agnostic or atheist
c) White emerging adults are more likely than African Americans to cope with stress by relying on their religious beliefs
d) virtually al individuals in this developmental
period attend religious services at least once a month

Answer 56

a) number of risk behaviours, as well as higher wellbeing

Question 57

Which of the following statements best describes political development during emerging adulthood?
a) Emerging adults tend to have higher political participation in comparison to adults.
b) This generation of emerging adults tends to have higher political participation compared to previous generations of young people.
c) Emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.
d) Emerging adults tend to be less likely than older adults to be involved in organisations devoted to particular issues, such as efforts against war and racism.

Answer 57

c) Emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.

Question 58

Which of the following is TRUE regarding political involvement in emerging adulthood?
a) Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in extreme political movements.
b) most emerging adults lack interest in improving the state of their communities because they are so self-focused at this time of life.
c) Emerging adults tend to be most interested in conventional politics rather than special topics.
d) in Australia and New Zealand, emerging adults’ involvement in political parties is relatively high.

Answer 58

a) Emerging adults are especially likely to be involved in extreme political movements.

Question 59

in the United States, ______________ are least likely to be living at home with their parents in their early 20s.
a) Latino Americans
b) White Americans
c) African Americans
d) Asian Americans

Answer 59

b) White Americans

Question 60

Which of the following people would most likely willingly and happily live with his or her parents until his or her late 20s or early 30s?
a) Brice, an emerging adult from the United States
b) Antonio, an emerging adult from Italy
c) Hector, an emerging adult from Canada
d) Matthias, an emerging adult from Germany

Answer 60

b) Antonio, an emerging adult from Italy

Question 61

When it comes to friendship in emerging adulthood, ______________.
a) there is a steady increase in the time spent in leisure activities in the 20s as these friendships become increasingly important
b) much of their time together is spent in structured activities
c) intimacy continues to be an important component
d) both men and women reported that self-disclosure was what promoted the feeling of emotional closeness

Answer 61

c) intimacy continues to be an important component

Question 62

Which of the following best illustrates the process of ‘re-centring’ as defined by Jennifer Tanner?
a) There is a move from adolescent egocentrism to an inner self-focus during emerging adulthood.
b) The centre of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner.
c) during infancy, the centre of development is located within an individual’s genotype, but as time passes, the environment plays a larger role.
d) The centre for physical development is located in the nucleus of all cells; however, cancer cells infiltrate and modify the nuclei of healthy cells, transferring the location of cellular development.

Answer 62

b) The centre of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner.

Question 63

Of all the many uses of the internet, the number one use is ______________.
a) accessing pornography
b) using social media sites
c) online shopping
d) gambling

Answer 63

a) accessing pornography

Question 64

In emerging adulthood, ______________.
a) rates of residential change in Australian society are much higher at ages 18–29 than at any other period of life
b) there is a sense of optimism about being able to ‘get where i want to be in life’ among those from individualistic cultures, but not for those from collectivistic cultures
c) the focus on self-exploration means that individuals are more egocentric than their adolescent counterparts
d) the feeling ‘in-between’ is unique to those in Australia and New Zealand because emerging adults in other cultures tend to remain at home, rather than moving out

Answer 64

a) rates of residential change in Australian society are much higher at ages 18–29 than at any other period of life

Question 65

Emerging adults who live in ______________ would emphasise becoming capable of supporting parents financially as among the most important criteria for becoming an adult.
a) Canada
b) Japan
c) Australia
d) Europe

Answer 65

b) Japan

Question 66

Which of the following is true of emerging adults’ health?
a) Most emerging adults experience an increased susceptibility to physical illness due to the increased stressors associated with this developmental period.
b) For most sports, the peak age of performance comes during adolescence, and athletic abilities begin to decline in the early 20s.
c) During emerging adulthood, the immune system is weak.
d) The heart is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.

Answer 66

d) The heart is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.

Question 67

Which of the following statements best summarises the current research on sleep patterns of emerging adults?
a) The research showing delayed sleep phase syndrome and sleep debt is based almost exclusively on low-income emerging adults who work full time, rather than attending university.
b) The preference of being a morning person versus a night person changes with age due to increased levels of cortisol.
c) Sleep debt has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning.
d) Students who stayed up all night before exams thought they did worse than their peers who got a full night’s sleep.

Answer 67

c) Sleep debt has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning.

Question 68

Researchers who study young drivers have found that ______________.
a) increased parental monitoring does not reduce car accidents because adolescents spend so much time with their friends
b) graduated driver licensing (GDL) is an excellent approach to reducing car accidents
c) inexperience is the only factor found to be significantly correlated with accidents and fatalities
d) the best way to reduce car accidents and fatalities is for parents to encourage their children to gain more experience driving with their friends who have taken driver education and who will serve as role models for safe driving

Answer 68

b) graduated driver licensing (GDL) is an excellent approach to reducing car accidents

Question 69

Binge drinking ______________.
a) peaks in emerging adulthood in Australia, but not in europe where adolescents are often allowed to drink alcohol with their meals
b) has not been studied longitudinally because of the difficulty of getting approval to ask about alcohol use among high school students
c) is highest among single mothers in their early 20s who do not go to university
d) is more likely among emerging adults than those in other age groups because they spend more time in unstructured socialising

Answer 69

d) is more likely among emerging adults than those in other age groups because they spend more time in unstructured socialising

Question 70

Dialectical thought ______________.
a) relies strictly on emotion in solving real-life problems
b) has been found to characterise emerging adults in individualistic cultures more than those in collectivistic cultures
c) refers to the need for explaining human actions in terms of logical principles
d) involves the growing awareness that problems often have no clear-cut solutions

Answer 70

d) involves the growing awareness that problems often have no clear-cut solutions

Question 71

Reflective judgment ______________.
a) is a synonym for dualism
b) increases over time for all emerging adults as a result of maturation, regardless of their educational
background or the skills required in their job
c) is more likely to characterise students in their first year of university than those in their final year because first-year university students are more open to new ideas
d) is more likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism

Answer 71

d) is more likely to develop in cultures that value pluralism

Question 72

An emerging adult from ______________ would be most likely to express the following sentiment upon first entering university: ‘In many ways, university is easier than high school; it’s a relief to spend less time on homework and to have more time to explore my options.’
a) Canada
b) Japan
c) Australia
d) Germany

Answer 72

b) Japan

Question 73

Based on Murnane and Levy’s research, which of the following is considered one of the six basic skills necessary for success at the most promising new jobs available to high school graduates in the changing economy?
a) Reading at a Year 6 level
b) Solving totally unstructured problems
c) Doing university-level maths
d) Collaborating in diverse groups

Answer 73

d) Collaborating in diverse groups

Question 74

For most people, self-esteem ______________.
a) rises during emerging adulthood
b) declines during emerging adulthood
c) stays about the same as it was in adolescence
d) declines during the first half of emerging adulthood and increases in later emerging adulthood

Answer 74

a) rises during emerging adulthood

Question 75

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses involves rejecting one’s culture of origin but also feeling rejected by the majority culture?
a) Assimilation
b) Marginality
c) Separation
d) Biculturalism

Answer 75

b) Marginality

Question 76

Which of the following is true of gender-related evaluations of work?
a) Generally, research indicates that university students often evaluate women’s work performance more favourably than men’s.
b) University students evaluate work done by someone of their own gender higher than work done by someone of the opposite gender.
c) Some studies have found that evaluations can be especially harsh when a person’s behaviour violates stereotypical gender expectations.
d) Gender-related evaluations do not depend on characteristics of the evaluators, such as their age.

Answer 76

c) Some studies have found that evaluations can be especially harsh when a person’s behaviour violates stereotypical gender expectations.

Question 77

Which of the following best describes religious beliefs in emerging adulthood?
a) There is an overall decline in religious behaviour, but not religious beliefs from adolescence to emerging adulthood.
b) emerging adults are not tolerant of religious differences.
c) In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualised.
d) emerging adults place great emphasis on the religious doctrine of their faith.

Answer 77

c) In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualised.

Question 78

Which of the following is true of emerging adults’ political beliefs?
a) Unlike their counterparts in Canada or Western europe, emerging adults’ political participation is very low in Australia.
b) emerging adults tend to see the activities of political parties as highly relevant to their lives.
c) emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.
d) emerging adults tend to have higher conventional political participation compared to previous generations of young people.

Answer 78

c) emerging adults tend to be sceptical of the motivations of politicians.

Question 79

______________ are most likely to be living on their own rather than with their parents in their early 20s.
a) Latinos
b) African Americans
c) White Americans
d) Asian Americans

Answer 79

c) White Americans

Question 80

Leisure activities with friends ______________.
a) decline steadily in the course of the 20s
b) decline for women, but not for men, in the course of the 20s
c) increase slightly in the course of the 20s
d) stay at about the same level in the course of the 20s as they were during adolescence

Answer 80

a) decline steadily in the course of the 20s

Question 81

Male emerging adults are more likely than females to ______________.
a) have negative attitudes towards recreational sex
b) suffer severe punishments if they have premarital sex
c) be willing to have intercourse with someone they have known for only a few hours
d) have sex only in the context of a close romantic relationship

Answer 81

c) be willing to have intercourse with someone they have known for only a few hours

Question 82

Based on current research, which is a true statement about media use in emerging adulthood?
a) in all countries, internet use is higher among adolescents than among emerging adults because increased responsibilities among emerging adults reduce the time they can spend online.
b) Social-networking profiles are a way for individuals to express their identity.
c) Most emerging adults prefer face-to-face interactions to social contact via the internet, and therefore the use of social networking has decreased in the past few years as the novelty has worn off.
d) Cross-cultural research has shown that more women than men view pornography on the internet.

Answer 82

b) Social-networking profiles are a way for individuals to express their identity.

Question 83

The top three criteria that mark the transition to adulthood across cultures and nations are characterised by ______________.
a) conformity
b) individualism
c) interdependence
d) honesty

Answer 83

b) individualism

Question 84

People from traditional cultures consider ______________ as the key transition to adulthood.
a) independent decision making
b) marriage
c) leaving the parents’ house
d) being able to sustain oneself independently

Answer 84

b) marriage

Question 85

People from traditional cultures consider ______________ as the key transition to adulthood.
a independent decision making b marriage
c leaving the parents’ house
d being able to sustain oneself independentl

Question 86

Skin becomes looser and muscle mass decreases during young adulthood and beyond because ______________.
a) there is a substantial decrease in iron and vitamin D
b) there is a decrease in the production of vitamin K
c) there is a decrease in growth hormones
d) there is a decrease in calcium

Answer 86

c) there is a decrease in growth hormones

Question 87

Which of the following is TRUe regarding physical changes during young adulthood?
a) individuals with dark skin show skin ageing earlier than their counterparts with white skin.
b) The immune system increases its production of T cells and B cells.
c) The heart muscle starts to become more rigid.
d) There is an increase in vital capacity.

Answer 87

c) The heart muscle starts to become more rigid.

Question 88

Vital capacity is the maximum ______________.
a) amount of air that can be contained in the lungs
b) number of inhalations per minute of intense exercise
c) target heart rate
d) number of times the person’s heart beats per minute

Answer 88

a) amount of air that can be contained in the lungs

Question 89

Angela is an adult with a BMI of 27. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as ______________.
a) average weight
b) underweight
c) overweight
d) obese

Answer 89

c) overweight

Question 90

Between the ages of 25 and 50, an individual’s basal metabolic rate ______________.
a) increases steadily
b) declines
c) remains the same
d) stays the same until the late 40s and then declines sharply

Answer 90

b) declines

Question 91

Based on the New Zealand Health Survey, rates of obesity in young adulthood were highest among ______________.
a) Pacific adults
b) maˉori adults
c) European adults
d) Asian adults

Answer 91

a) Pacific adults

Question 92

Which of the following individuals is likely to spend the least amount of time exercising?
a) Harrison, who is of high SES and male
b) Belinda, who is of low SES and female
c) Ian, who is of low SES and male
d) Rachel, who is of middle SES and female

Answer 92

b) Belinda, who is of low SES and female

Question 93

Beyond reducing body fat, exercise has also been shown to ______________.
a) lower metabolic rate for several hours after exercise
b) lower rates of schizophrenia and depression
c) decrease white blood cells
d) lower the death rate of those who maintain regular exercise in adulthood

Answer 93

d) lower the death rate of those who maintain regular exercise in adulthood

Question 94

Longitudinal research on Terman’s ‘Termites’ has shown that ______________.
a) they had higher rates of alcoholism and divorce than a comparison group of individuals with average iQs
b) they had a great deal of educational and occupational success
c) women achieved high levels of occupational success, but only a small percentage of the men did
d) career success peaked in emerging adulthood, but there was a steep decline in the fourth decade of life as most of the sample experienced a midlife crisis

Answer 94

b) they had a great deal of educational and occupational success

Question 95

iQ in childhood ______________.
a) has no relation to later occupational status
b) correlates positively with later income, but not with other measures of success
c) is a powerful predictor of income and occupational status in adulthood
d) has not been studied as a predictor of later adulthood outcomes because that would be considered unethical

Answer 95

c) is a powerful predictor of income and occupational status in adulthood

Question 96

Which of the following statements is the most accurate about Terman’s research?
a) Only the Termites who pursued careers in technology had more career success than the comparison group with average iQs.
b) The price of a high iQ was a high risk of personal problems.
c) The Termites were less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce and mental health issues.
d) There is a correlation between childhood iQ and adult success, but it is weak.

Answer 96

c) The Termites were less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce and mental health issues.

Question 97

In both Asian and ______________ cultures, a common theme of conceptions of intelligence is that it includes social elements, as well as cognitive elements such as knowledge.
a) French
b) Italian
c) African
d) Irish

Answer 97

c) African

Question 98

Cross-cultural research on intelligence ______________.
a) has not been conducted
b) has shown that the most important qualities across cultures are analytical and verbal skills
c) has shown that skills that allow individuals to adapt to their environment are considered a type of intelligence
d) can only be conducted in cultures where individuals can read the questions on iQ tests

Answer 98

c) has shown that skills that allow individuals to adapt to their environment are considered a type of intelligence

Question 99

Which of the following is TRUe about expertise?
a) According to most researchers in the field, it takes about 25 years of study and practice in most fields to attain expertise.
b) The maturity of the frontal cortex reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise.
c) Expertise tends to decline after young adulthood.
d) Expertise is defined in terms of knowledge base, rather than problem solving, because it is difficult to measure problem-solving skills.

Answer 99

b) The maturity of the frontal cortex reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise.

Question 100

Maturity of ______________ reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise.
a) the synapses
b) the frontal cortex
c) the occipital lobe
d) the hippocampus

Answer 100

b) the frontal cortex

Question 101

A person who is high in ______________ is able to put ideas or materials together in new, culturally meaningful ways.
a) generativity
b) kinaesthetic intelligence
c) creativity
d) intrapersonal intelligence

Answer 101

c) creativity

Question 102

Which statement about research on creativity is TRUE?
a) measures of creativity exist only in the fine arts.
b) People reach a peak in creativity before attaining expertise in a particular domain and becoming set in their ways.
c) Across various fields, the peak of creativity is in the 50s and early 60s.
d) Highly creative people are often creative throughout life.

Answer 102

d) Highly creative people are often creative throughout life.

Question 103

Which of the following, when combined with expertise, is most likely to contribute to creativity?
a) Proficiency in computer skills
b) Proficiency in maths
c) Tolerance for ambiguity
d) Exceptional visual–spatial skills

Answer 103

c) Tolerance for ambiguity

Question 104

Which of the following, when combined with expertise, is most likely to contribute to creativity?
a) Proficiency in computer skills
b) Proficiency in maths
c) Tolerance for ambiguity
d) Exceptional visual–spatial skills

Answer 104

c) Tolerance for ambiguity

Question 105

Erik Erikson’s notion of intimacy is best described as ______________.
a) when an individual develops the skills necessary for a relationship by modelling it after what he or she has observed from their environment
b) uniting your newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, emotionally close relationship
c) when the ego works in conjunction with the superego to satisfy the desires of the id in a socially acceptable way
d) a gratifying sexual relationship

Answer 105

b) uniting your newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, emotionally close relationship

Question 106

Johanna is in her early 30s and just entered a romantic relationship. Accordingly to erikson, what is the central emotional and psychosocial issue that she might be facing?
a) identity versus role confusion
b) intimacy versus isolation
c) generativity versus stagnation
d) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Answer 106

b) intimacy versus isolation

Question 107

Erikson thought that intimacy was not possible until individuals ______________.
a) had established themselves in their career
b) were capable of making independent decisions
c) had a fairly stable sense of identity
d) possessed formal operational thinking

Answer 107

c) had a fairly stable sense of identity

Question 108

Your friend’s parents have been married for 25 years and have a relationship based on mutual understanding and support. You can tell that they care for each other, but the ‘romance’ seems to be gone. According to Sternberg, what type of love do you think they are experiencing at this time?
a) Consummate love
b) Companionate love
c) Compassionate love
d) Empty love

Answer 108

b) Companionate love

Question 109

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love includes three components: intimacy, passion and ______________.
a) compassion
b) commitment
c) support
d) similarity

Answer 109

b) commitment

Question 110

Sternberg’s triangular theory of love includes three components: intimacy, passion and ______________.
a) compassion
b) commitment
c) support
d) similarity

Answer 110

b) commitment

Question 111

Research examining the importance of various traits in mate selection throughout the world found that the largest cross-cultural division was on the issue of ____________.
a) chastity
b) desire for home and children
c) education and intelligence
d) mutual attraction—love

Answer 111

a) chastity

Question 112

Bruce and Brenda are young adults who just got married. Based on the statistics, if they divorce, they are most likely to do so ____________ years after marriage.
a) 1–4
b) 5–10
c) 11–14
d) 16–20

Answer 112

b) 5–10

Question 113

Which of the following statements about marriage is TRUE?
a) People who are unhappily married are still happier than those who are single due to divorce.
b) People who remain single after age 30 are more likely than their married counterparts to have mental health and physical health problems.
c) Across countries, the proportion of young adults who have neither married nor had a long-term cohabiting relationship by age 40 is around 50%.
d) By age 40, European Americans are more likely to have never married than their African American counterparts.

Answer 113

b) People who remain single after age 30 are more likely than their married counterparts to have mental health and physical health problems.

Question 114

One difference between gay male couples and heterosexual couples is that gay male couples ______________.
a) have conflict in different areas
b) tend to have a higher frequency of sexual activity
c) seek out partners who are similar to themselves in many ways
d) seek out long-term relationships based on love and mutual respect

Answer 114

b) tend to have a higher frequency of sexual activity

Question 115

Which of the following is the primary reason why many cultures encourage young wedded adults to have sex frequently?
a) To produce children
b) To ward off evil spirits
c) To increase the chances that they will be happily married and stay together
d) To increase intimacy in the marriage

Answer 115

a) To produce children

Question 116

Which of the following statements about becoming a parent is TRUE?
a) in most countries, just below 50% of young adults have at least one child.
b) in all world regions, people in urban areas have fewer children than people in rural areas.
c) For couples who had a troubled marriage before the child was born, marital satisfaction increases
after the baby arrives because it brings them closer together.
d) gender roles in developed countries become less traditional following the birth of a child.

Answer 116

b) in all world regions, people in urban areas have fewer children than people in rural areas.

Question 117

Xavier is 23 years old and has recently graduated with his bachelor’s degree in psychology. He is seeking employment and would like to find a job that leads to a promising career. Less than ideal, he applied for a position as an academic advisor at a TAFe, was offered a job and accepted the position. Which stage of Donald Super’s theory of occupational development is Xavier in?
a) implementation
b) Crystallisation
c) Consolidation
d) Stabilisation

Answer 117

a) implementation

Question 118

If Elle is typical of most Western young adults, you would expect that she would spend her leisure time in the evening mostly on ______________.
a) taking walks and engaging in other low-impact physical activities
b) communicating with friends via text messaging or social media, such as Facebook
c) watching television and streamed media
d) catching up with friends and/or family on the phone

Answer 118

c) watching television and streamed media

Question 119

Marriage appears to be a very important marker of the transition to adulthood in _______________
a) the West
b) traditional cultures
c) all cultures
d) no cultures

Answer 119

b) traditional cultures

Question 120

Emerging adults in ______________ view being able to support their parents financially as a necessary criterion for adulthood.
a) the United States
b) Canada
c) China
d) Israel

Answer 120

c) China

Question 121

Which of the following changes occurs in the immune system during young adulthood?
a) There are no changes in the immune system until late adulthood.
b) There is a decline in the production of both B and T cells.
c) The immune system increases its production of both T and B cells.
d) There is an increase in T cells and a decline in the production of B cells.

Answer 121

b) There is a decline in the production of both B and T cells.

Question 122

The countries with the highest obesity rates are ______________.
a) the wealthiest countries
b) the poorest countries
c) Asian countries
d) traditional cultures

Answer 122

a) the wealthiest countries

Question 123

Which of the following statements about exercise is TRUE?
a) Nearly all adults in developed countries engage in regular exercise.
b) Most adults in developed countries do not exercise regularly.
c) Across SeS groups, women exercise more than men.
d) Adults at lower SeS levels exercise more than adults at higher SeS levels.

Answer 123

b) Most adults in developed countries do not exercise regularly.

Question 124

What happened to Terman’s ‘Termites’ when they became adults?
a) They had higher rates of divorce.
b) They suffered from emotional and psychological problems.
c) They amassed great wealth, but were very unhappy.
d) As a group, the Termites had a great deal of educational and occupational success.

Answer 124

d) As a group, the Termites had a great deal of educational and occupational success.

Question 125

In both Asian and African cultures, a common theme of conceptions of intelligence is that ______________.
a) it is based on the educational level
b) it can only be achieved by those with high SeS
c) it indicates social elements, as well as cognitive elements such as knowledge
d) it is not achieved until you reach late adulthood

Answer 125

c) it indicates social elements, as well as cognitive elements such as knowledge

Question 126

Recent research has shown that maturity of which brain structure during young adulthood reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise?
a) Temporal lobe
b) Corpus callosum
c) Frontal cortex
d) Occipital lobe

Answer 126

c) Frontal cortex

Question 127

How is creativity measured?
a) it is assessed based on self-reports.
b) Assessments of creativity have focused on the number of works a person produces, or on the timing of a person’s ‘best’ works, as determined by experts in the area or by the works’ influence.
c) No one has attempted to measure creativity.
d) A standardised test has been developed that assesses both creativity and iQ.

Answer 127

b) Assessments of creativity have focused on the number of works a person produces, or on the timing of a person’s ‘best’ works, as determined by experts in the area or by the works’ influence.

Question 128

Erikson thought that ______________ was not possible until an individual had a fairly stable personal identity.
a) marriage
b) self-esteem
c) intimacy
d) trust

Answer 128

c) intimacy

Question 129

According to Sternberg, commitment, passion and intimacy combine to form ______________ love.
a) romantic
b) fatuous
c) compassionate
d) consummate

Answer 129

d) consummate

Question 130

Today, the ______________ marriage is the most common in most Eastern cultures.
a) arranged
b) semi-arranged
c) romantic
d) open

Answer 130

b) semi-arranged

Question 131

Which of the following is TRUE regarding divorce rates?
a) Rates of divorce are higher among Whites than among African Americans.
b) Rates of divorce are higher among those with university degrees than those without because university graduates devote so much time to their careers.
c) The United States has one of the highest divorce rates in the world.
d) Divorce is common and rates are similar across all cultures.

Answer 131

c) The United States has one of the highest divorce rates in the world.

Question 132

Which of the following groups experiences the least overall happiness?
a) People who are separated
b) People who are widowed
c) People in unhappy marriages
d) People who are single

Answer 132

c) People in unhappy marriages

Question 133

Which of the following best represents the research on gay and lesbian couples?
a) Gay and lesbian adults often seek out romantic partners who are opposite from them in many ways.
b) No differences have been identified between gay and lesbian couples.
c) Gay and lesbian couples have different sources of conflict in their relationship from heterosexual couples.
d) Gay and lesbian couples are similar to heterosexual couples in most ways.

Answer 133

d) Gay and lesbian couples are similar to heterosexual couples in most ways.

Question 134

One of the findings from the most detailed study of sexual behaviour among young adults in the United States was that ______________.
a) masturbation continues through the 30s and 40s for most men
b) women reported more frequent sexual fantasies than their male counterparts
c) more than half of young adults from the late 20s to early 40s reported more than one sexual partner in the past year
d) there were no gender differences in the frequency of orgasm

Answer 134

a) masturbation continues through the 30s and 40s for most men

Question 135

Which of the following is TRUE regarding research on couples after the birth of the first child in developed countries?
a) Gender roles become more traditional and women are more likely to take an extended period of leave after the birth of a child.
b) Marital satisfaction declines more for men than women after the birth of a child because men become jealous of the new baby.
c) For couples who had a troubled marriage before the child was born, marital satisfaction increases after the baby arrives because it brings them closer together.
d) Marital satisfaction improves for all couples following the birth of the first child.

Answer 135

a) Gender roles become more traditional and women are more likely to take an extended period of leave after the birth of a child.

Question 136

According to Holland, people are likely to be unhappy if they ______________.
a) are not able to have a lot of social contacts on the job
b) spend more time working the ‘second shift’ than in their full-time workplace
c) do not have a good fit between their personality and their job
d) make less money than their spouse/romantic partner

Answer 136

c) do not have a good fit between their personality and their job

Question 137

Of the following evening leisure activities among Western adults, the most common is ______________.
a) playing portable electronic devices
b) using social media on the internet
c) watching television and streamed media
d) communicating with friends via text messaging on a mobile phone

Answer 137

c) watching television and streamed media

Question 138

The aspect of hearing that declines most significantly in midlife is the ability to __________________.
a) interpret a whisper
b) hear high-pitched tones
c) follow a conversation
d) hear a voice over the telephone

Answer 138

b) hear high-pitched tones

Question 139

Which of the following statements about menopause is TRUE?
a) Women’s hormone levels remain unchanged until menopause, at which point they drop dramatically.
b) after menopause, oestrogen levels rise.
c) Menopause tends to occur later among women who smoke or have not given birth.
d) Japanese women experience less extreme menopausal symptoms than those in other ethnic groups.

Answer 139

d) Japanese women experience less extreme menopausal symptoms than those in other ethnic groups.

Question 140

__________________ is/are the leading cause(s) of death worldwide.
a) Breast cancer for women and prostate cancer for men
b) Diabetes
c) Cardiovascular disease
d) Lung cancer

Answer 140

c) Cardiovascular disease

Question 141

Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on predictors of health in middle adulthood and later adulthood?
a) there has been no longitudinal research to address this question; therefore, researchers have been unable to draw any definitive conclusions.
b) education predicted health from middle to late adulthood more strongly than did income.
c) alcohol abuse, but not smoking, has been shown to correlate with later health.
d) health habits have little relationship to later physical and mental health.

Answer 141

b) education predicted health from middle to late adulthood more strongly than did income.

Question 142

Crystallised intelligence represents a person’s __________________.
a) pure ability
b) adaptability
c) decision-making power
d) culturally based knowledge

Answer 142

d) culturally based knowledge

Question 143

Experts __________________.
a) are more creative, but less flexible, than novices are
b) process information more slowly than novices because they are more systematic in their reasoning
c) tend to reach the top of their field due to increases in physical strength and skill compared to their younger counterparts
d) are more automatic in their problem solving than novices are

Answer 143

d) are more automatic in their problem solving than novices are

Question 144

Midlife adults __________________.
a) stay unemployed longer than young adults after experiencing a job loss
b) tend to get a job of higher status and higher pay when they get a new job after being unemployed
c) have higher absenteeism rates than young adults due to a weakened immune system with advancing age
d) are less satisfied with their jobs than younger adults are

Answer 144

a) stay unemployed longer than young adults after experiencing a job loss

Question 145

The one test in the Seattle Longitudinal Study that showed a clear decline from young to middle adulthood was __________________.
a) procedural memory
b) expertise
c) verbal memory
d) perceptual speed

Answer 145

d) perceptual speed

Question 146

Which of the following decreases for most people during middle adulthood?
a) Long-term memory stores
b) procedural knowledge
c) ability for divided attention
d) Factual knowledge

Answer 146

c) ability for divided attention

Question 147

Which of the following is most accurate regarding research on self-development in middle adulthood?
a) Self-acceptance, autonomy and environmental mastery all increase during middle adulthood.
b) there is no evidence of self-development among middle-aged people living in collectivistic cultures.
c) across cultures during middle adulthood, contentment with the self shows a small, but significant, decline as people confront a number of physiological changes.
d) Middle-aged adults’ enhanced self-development makes them less likely to adapt to new situations or to be flexible in their goals.

Answer 147

a) Self-acceptance, autonomy and environmental mastery all increase during middle adulthood.

Question 148

One of the weaknesses of the research of Daniel Levinson, who studied the midlife crisis in the 1970s, is that his initial observations were based on a(n) __________________.
a) questionnaire survey of 400 men
b) intensive study of only 40 men
c) cross-sectional questionnaire study of men and women in several age groups
d) study of poorly educated men from three different countries

Answer 148

b) intensive study of only 40 men

Question 149

Research on generativity has __________________.
a) focused almost exclusively on asian countries
b) shown that significantly more women than men achieve a sense of generativity during midlife
c) shown that there are a variety of ways an adult can be generative
d) shown a peak during emerging adulthood, followed
by a plateau in middle adulthood

Answer 149

c) shown that there are a variety of ways an adult can be generative

Question 150

During middle adulthood, women in India ______________.
a) gain the authority that once belonged to their mother-in-law
b) generally experience a decrease in happiness as a result of the many tasks they have to carry out
c) experience a sharp increase in divorce
d) experience an increase in psychological disorders
because of the cumulative trauma they have faced in their subordinate position within the family

Answer 150

a) gain the authority that once belonged to their mother-in-law

Question 151

Which of the following is TRUE of grandparents in developed countries?
a) Grandfathers participate more than grandmothers in recreational and family activities.
b) European American grandmothers are more likely to be involved in the daily care of their grandchildren compared to other ethnic groups because they have the resources to do so.
c) Grandparents’ involvement with their grandchildren depends partly on their relationship with their children and sons- and daughters-in-law.
d) Grandparents’ involvement with their grandchildren is usually based on a sense of duty or obligation.

Answer 151

c) Grandparents’ involvement with their grandchildren depends partly on their relationship with their children and sons- and daughters-in-law.

Question 152

Research on marriage in the United States has shown that by midlife __________________.
a) most marriage partners have less time to spend as a couple than they did earlier in their marriage because of increased job demands
b) the correlation between marriage and mental health is weaker than it was earlier in the life span
c) nearly three-quarters of American adults describe their marriage as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’
d) marital satisfaction stays relatively low until the early 70s when most people are retired

Answer 152

c) nearly three-quarters of american adults describe their marriage as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’

Question 153

Research indicates that holiday time __________________.
a) lowers worker productivity
b) is positively correlated with cognitive decline
c) is less beneficial for men than women
d) increases cognitive and physical functioning

Answer 153

d) increases cognitive and physical functioning