Weight and Obesity

Question 1

Explain basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 1

body’s base rate of energy usage, influenced by heredity, age, activity level, and body composition

Question 2

Explain the set point hypothesis

Answer 2

• set point of individuals weight thermostat

- below this weight = increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore lost weight

Question 3

What are fat cells? some key components?

Answer 3

adipocytes: collapsible cells that store fat

• fat-cell hyperplasia - fat cells divide when reach full capacity
• once fat cells increase, they NEVER decrease
• healthy: 25-30 billion
• Obese: 200 billion
• fat becomes endocrine (hormonal tissue)

Question 4

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Answer 4

• stimulation leads to hunger

- lesioning leads to self-starvation

Question 5

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

Answer 5

• lesioning leads to hunger

- stimulation causes animals to stop eating

Question 6

In appetite regulation, explain the function of the circulatory system: hunger/satiety(fullness)

Answer 6

• hunger rises and falls with levels of glucose and insulin

- links to the number of fat cells

Question 7

In appetite regulation, explain insulin

Answer 7

• comes from the pancreas

- helps convert glucose into fat; increase cues hunger

Question 8

In appetite regulation, explain ghrelin

Answer 8

• comes from the stomach

- appetite stimulant

Question 9

In appetite regulation, explain cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 9

• comes form the intestine

- satiety (fullness) hormones

Question 10

In appetite regulation, explain PYY

Answer 10

appetite suppressant

Question 11

Explain the longer-term weight regulation with the mice study

Answer 11

• mice with low leptin became obese (had uncontrollable hunger)
• leptin usually increases with body fat to produce fat cells
• leptin-obesity connection: leptin receptors less sensitive in obese people, are people producing more leptin to compensate?

Question 12

Where are the most receptors for leptin?

Answer 12

neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus; master center for short/long term weight regulation

Question 13

Explain the difference between bad and good fats

Answer 13

bad fats

• transfats (hydrogen added to vegetable oil)
• saturated fat (no double bond)

good

• monounsaturated fat
• polyunsaturated fat

Question 14

explain easy and slow burn

Answer 14

easy - body expends only 3 calories to turn 100 calories of fat into body fat
slower - body expends 25 calories to turn 100 calories of carbohydrate into body fat
- westerners eat about 40-45 calories from just fats

Question 15

explain serum cholesterol

Answer 15

waxy substance essential for strong cell walls and myelination found in lipoproteins

• triglycerides
• low-density lipoproteins (LDL) - linked to heart disease
• high-density lipoproteins (HDL) - may offer some protection against heart disease

Healthy Levels
total serum below 200 of blood
- LDL/triglycerides - below 100 in blood each
- HDL - above 40 of blood

Question 16

What is a good predictor of heart disease

Answer 16

LDL; low-density lipoproteins

Question 17

Explain the ranges for BMI (body mass index)

Answer 17

underweight - under 18.5 
normal - 18.5 to 24.9 
overweight - 25 - 29.9 
obese - 30 to 40 
morbid - 40 and over

Question 18

what what is male pattern for obesity?

Answer 18

• apple shaped
• atherosclerosis (s a disease in which plaque (plak) builds up inside your arteries)
• hypertension, diabetes

Question 19

explain metabolic syndrome

Answer 19

abdominal obesity, higher triglyceride levels and blood pressure, hyperinsulinemia (type 2 diabetes)

Question 20

explain weight cycling

Answer 20

repeated weight gains and losses over years

Question 21

explain mortality and BMI chart

Answer 21

it is U shape low and high ends have higher mortality rate

Question 22

what is the percentage of likelihood of obesity from genes

Answer 22

50%

Question 23

What is a food desert?

Answer 23

no where to get food, only fast food available

Question 24

what are some of the statistics for dieting

Answer 24

• success in weight loss is loss (only 10% of weight loss maintained after 1 year)
• 55% of adults want to lose weight, 27% seriously trying
• 17% of teens aged 12 to 19 trying to lose weight

Question 25

Why do diets typically fail

Answer 25

- people are not accurate in calorie needs - dieter underestimate consumption (recall bias, mealtime amnesia) - Difficult to maintain

Question 26

What are some of the behavior modification programs.

Answer 26

- stimulus control (controlling cues for eating) - self control - adding aerobic exercise - contingency contracts/management (get repaid) - social support - careful self-monitoring - relapse prevention

Question 27

how is cognitive behavioral therapy for weight loss

Answer 27

- links feelings, thoughts, and behavior consequences, social context and physiology - - control eliminate negative thoughts related to weight/dieting - gradual weight loss and weight loss management

Question 28

explain the stepped care for obesity

Answer 28

first people are ranked 1-4 for severity of being overweight based on % overweight, then they get placed into 1 of 2 of 5 different steps for their severity step 1) self-diet, self help programs, work site programs step 2) commercial programs, behavioral programs step 3) hospital-based program, very low-calorie diets step4) private counseling, residential treatment programs step 5) surgery

Question 29

What are some community strategies for weight loss?

Answer 29

- affordable healthy foods - support healthy food and beverages choices - breast feeding - physical activity for children/teens - safe community that support physical activity - community organization change

Question 30

explain some of the components for history and demographics for eating disorders

Answer 30

1689 first documents case of anorexia nervosa - 10 women per 1 man - anorexia - 0.6% - bulimia - 1.0% - binge-eating disorder - 1.0%

Question 31

What are the criteria for anorexia nervous?

Answer 31

- self-starvation - intense fear of weight gain - disturbance of body image

Question 32

What are some of the health hazards for anorexia?

Answer 32

``` Severe nutrition/calorie restriction: • Slowed thyroid function • Irregular breathing and heart rhythm • Low blood pressure • Dry and yellowed skin • Brittle bones • Anemia, light-headedness, and dehydration • Swollen joints and reduced muscle mass • Intolerance to cold temperatures • Starvation • Death (2-15 % mortality rate) – Cardiac failure ```

Question 33

What are the criteria for bulimia nervosa

Answer 33

– Recurrent episodes of binge eating – Recurrent compensatory behavior to avoid weight gain – Bulimic (binge-purge) episode at least once per week for at least 3 months – Self-evaluation unduly influenced by body shape/weight – Exclusive of anorexia nervosa • Binge-eating disorder: binge-eating episodes create distressed feelings but no compensatory behaviors

Question 34

In the biological factors for eating disorder explain the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Answer 34

– HPA abnormalities that may promote depression are linked with both anorexia and bulimia – HPA abnormalities return to normal when disordered eating stops • Disorderedeating --> HPA directionality?

Question 35

In the biological factors for eating disorder explain Abnormal endorphin levels

Answer 35

– Opiate antagonists used to reduce binge-purge episodes • Diminishes food ‘high,’ and subsequent need/desire for compensatory purge?

Question 36

In eating disorder psychological factors explain the issues with the social environment

Answer 36

– Competitive, semi-closed environments of some athletic teams and sororities – Families of anorexics • High achieving • Competitive • Overprotective • Intense interactions • Poor conflict resolution

Question 37

In eating disorder psychological factors explains the issues with families of bulimia patients

Answer 37

– Above-average incidence of alcoholism, substance abuse, obesity, and depression – Anorexic and bulimic daughters rate their relationships with their parents as disengaged, unfriendly, and even hostile – Less accepted by their parents, who are perceived as overly critical, neglectful, and poor communicators

Question 38

Explain some of the issues with eating disorder sociocultural factor

Answer 38

* Dieting/disordered eating viewed as responses to social roles, cultural ideals * Shown photographs of ultra-thin actresses and models, respond with increased shame, depression, and dissatisfaction with their own bodies

Question 39

the typical women seen on tv are typically the thinnest ___ to ___ % of american women

Answer 39

5 | 10

Question 40

What are some of the ways to treat eating disorder

Answer 40

- restoring body weight (force feeding) | - behavioral treatments (family therapy)

Question 41

What are the cognitive behavioral therapy for eating disorders

Answer 41

• Treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder • Designed to: – Enhance motivation for change – Replace unhealthy dieting with regular and flexible patterns of eating – Reduce an unhealthy concern with body weight and shape – Prevent relapse

Question 42

What is the death rate for the treatment of eating disorder

Answer 42

5 - 10%