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Equine > Weight loss > Flashcards

Weight loss Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms of weight loss

A

Reduced intake
Reduced digestion, absorption
Increased lossess
Increased requirements

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2
Q

Reduced intake

A

Inappropriate feeding, unable to obtain, dental disease, dysphagia (strangles), pain, gatric disease (must be severe)

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3
Q

Reduced digestion, absorption, assimilation of nutrients

A

Dental, malabsorption syndromes (cyathostominosis- hypoalbuminaemia, diarrhoea, inflammatory)
Liver disease
Intestinal disease - may also cause chronic diarrhoea
Infiltrative bowel diesease - inflammatory or neoplastic infiltrates

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4
Q

Increased losses

A

Protein losing enteropathy - cyathostominosis, large strongyles
Rarely protein losing nephropathy, but severe if so
Sequestration to body cavity - pleuritis, peritonitis

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5
Q

Increased requirements

A

Preganancy, lactate, sepsis, neoplasia

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6
Q

History for weight loss

A

Diet (specifics), parasite control, age, activity, length of weight loss, dental, diarrhoea, inappetance, colic, type of pasture - other horses?

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7
Q

Physical exam

A

Muscle waste - head, cervical, epaxial
Oedema - ventral, limbs
Faecal staining on hindquarters
HR, abnormal lung sounds, GI motility
Dental
Faeces, parasites, sand grass

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8
Q

Neutrophilia

A

more common with parasite infection

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9
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Parasite, general inflammation

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10
Q

Anaemia

A

Chronic disease

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11
Q

Inflammatory markers

A

SAA - acute
Fibrinogen - 4-8h after initial inflammation

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12
Q

Total protein decrease
Hypoalbuminaemia
Hypoglobulinaemia

A

Masked by concurrent hypovolaemia
Albumin - GI more common than renal, effusions (peritoneal, pleural), liver - rare
Globulin - GI loss

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13
Q

Total protein increase - Hyperproteinaemia

A

Hyperalbuminaemia - chronic inflammatory - inc. cyathostominosis
Hyperglobulinaemia - infection, inflammation, neoplasia

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14
Q

Oral glucose test

A

Withhold food overnight
1g/kg 10-20% solution by nasogastric solution
Keep calm - insulin increase with stress
Blood glucose should double in 90 minutes and decrease with insulin response

Limitations - does not only assess SI function - small amount absorbed in LI

Delayed flat curve - delayed gastric emptying, poorly starved

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15
Q

Intestinal ultrasound
SI thickness
LI thickness

A

SI >4mm abnormal
LI >6mm abnormal

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16
Q

GI biopsy methods

A

Transendoscopic
Rectal - retroperitoneal

Useful for eosinophillic proctitis

Relies on extensive pathology

17
Q

SI - Intestinal causes of weight loss

A

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease - CIBD
Granulomatous enteritis - GE
Eosinophilic enterocolitis
Lymphocytic plasmacytic enterocolitis

18
Q

Granulomatous enteritis

A

SI
Rare
Unknown cause - hypothetical inflammatory reaction to intestinal bacteria, any breed, age, sex
Lymphoid and macrophage infiltration (lamina propria), ileal villus atrophy

19
Q

Eosinophilic enteritis

A

SI and LI
Eosinophilic infiltration – unknown cause, suspected nematode infection hypersensitivity, young TB and SB
MEED - Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotrophic disease – other organs involved
DEE – diffuse eosinophilic enterocolitis – all SI and LI
IFEE or IFEC – idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis/colitis – segmental SI or LI lesions

20
Q

Lymphocytic plasmacytic enterocolitis – LPE

A

SI
Increasingly common
Lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltration – lamina propria
Unknown cause – suspected to precede intestinal lymphoma

21
Q

Proliferative enteropathy

A

SI
Lawsonia intracellularis – intracellular bacteria in crypts of epithelial cells of jejunum and ileum
Weanling foals 3-8 months
Individual or outbreak
Close proximity to pigs
Overcrowding, feed change, antibiotic use, mixing foals, weaning

22
Q

LI - intestinal causes of weight loss

A

Parasite infection
RDC – right dorsal colitis
Sand enteropathies
EE – eosinophilic enteropathy

23
Q

Large strongyles

A
  • Strongylus vulgaris – important and pathogenic
  • Strongylus edentates
  • Strongylus equinus

Migration through intestinal wall
- 4th stage larvae
- Affects myoelectrical activity
- Infiltration with inflammatory cells, oedema and haemorrhage – increased secretion, decreased absorption of nutrients

Colic or diarrhoea but can be chronic weight loss

24
Q

Small strongyles

A

Migration of L4 through mucosa of SI
Period of hypobiosis in large colon
Mass emergence of larvae – mucosal injury, ulceration, inflammatory rection
- Diarrhoea – increased secretion secondary to granulomatous inflammation. Significant protein loss

25
Q

RDC – right dorsal colitis

A

LI
PGE2 PGI 2 – maintain blood flow, increase mucus secretion, water, bicarb, cell turnover
- NSAIDs inhibit PG production
Right dorsal ulcerative colitis
- PBZ common cause – intermittent colic, diarrhoea, weight loss

26
Q

Sand enteropathy

A

Ingest sand – sacculation accumulation of ventral colon – inflammation and damage to colonic mucosa – diarrhoea, weight loss – impaction colic

27
Q

Hepatic weight loss causes

A

Clinical signs from hepatic failure - >75% must be damaged

Theiler’s disease, acute hepatitis, or serum associated hepatitis
Ragwort poisoning
Cholangiohepatitis
Cholelithiasis

Weight loss – anorexia, abnormal metabolism
Colic, diarrhoea, ascites
- Hepatic swelling, portal hypertension, altered microflora, abnormal bile acids
Anorexia - Altered behaviour from hepatic encephalopathies

28
Q

Theiler’s disease, acute hepatitis, or serum associated hepatitis

A

Associated to equine blood products
Equine parvovirus – associated - Vertical transmission, biting fleas, nasal transmission
Equine Hepacivirus – cannot be ruled out as cause

29
Q

Ragwort poisoning

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis
Plants or feed (hay or pellets) – green plant not palatable so unlikely to eat in field)

30
Q

Cholangiohepatitis

A

Ascending bacterial infection – Salmonella, Klebsiella, E.coli
Sepsis – systemic spread into liver

31
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Stone formation in biliary ducts/obstruction

32
Q

Abdominocentesis

A

Colour, protein (refractometer), lactate (>2.5mmol/l) – double systemic bacterial production
WBC

33
Q

Faecal test

A

Only adults produce eggs – larvae cause more damage no eggs. Encysted don’t produce eggs. US might see Ascarids burden in weanling
- PCR – proliferative enteropathy – Lawsonia. Intracellularis
- Chronic Salmonella – PCR and culture

34
Q

Signs of liver disease

A

Non specific – depression, anorexia, weight loss, colic, icterus, fever, photosensitive, hepatic encephalopathy (circling, walking compulsively, head pressing)

Equine (18 decks)

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