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Weimar Constitution - Chapter 1 - Challenges of Weimar Constitution Flashcards

1
Q

1) How many members of SDP in 1919?

A

1 million

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2
Q

1) What was Ebert’s fear for new Germany?

A

Germany would follow Russia’s route into a revolution

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3
Q

1) Economic Impact of War

A

fall of industrial production, national income was 1/3 of what it was in 1913, 2 million children without fathers (war pensions costly) and war bonds eroded by inflation

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4
Q

1) Social Impact of War

A

huge gap between rich and poor, continued food shortages due to British naval blockade, women working “damaged traditional values”, Dolchstoss Theory harmed reputation

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5
Q

1) How did Ebert attempt to maintain stability?

A

Defended democratic system from bolshevism, cooperated with both working class and social elite, made a deal with Groener to ensure army’s loyalty

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6
Q

1) How many KPD members in 1919?

A

5,000

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7
Q

2) When was the Treaty of Versailles?

A

28 June 1919

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7
Q

1) How many USPD members in 1919?

A

300,000

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8
Q

2) When was the armistice?

A

11 November 1918

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9
Q

2) What did Germany expect from the Treaty?

A

Only pay reparations for France and Belgium and be allowed to join the League of Nations

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10
Q

2) Why were Germany forced to sign the Treaty?

A

Naval blockade still in place and Allied troops in Rhineland threatened to invade

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11
Q

2) What did a lot of Germans call the Treaty?

A

diktat - new government lost further respect and support

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12
Q

2) Why did millions of Germans lose their national rights?

A

Fourteen Points applied selectively and self determination not given to Germany (many people forced into different states)

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13
Q

2) In what ways was Germany still powerful?

A

Successor states and collapse of Austro - Hungarian Empire

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14
Q

2) Land Lost

A

13% territory lost, Alsace-Lorraine (rich in iron ore and agriculture), Polish corridor, Memel, Rhineland demilitarised, occupation of Ruhr

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15
Q

2) Reparations

A

pay for physical damage (mostly toward France) and for war pensions, April 1921 - total amount was 132,000 million gold marks over 30 years

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16
Q

2) War Guilt

A

Article 231 - 4 million French wounded, 1 million British dead

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17
Q

2) Loss Of Empire

A

12% of population lost, lost 48% of iron ore, 1.5 million became part of new Polish states

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18
Q

2) Disarmament

A

Section V - military reduced to 100,000 and navy not allowed to have submarines, no tanks no aircrafts

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19
Q

3) Germany went from an authoritarian state to what?

A

A democracy/republic where sovereignty lies with the people

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20
Q

3) Who was part of coalition government?

A

SDP, Centre, German Democratic Party with Ebert as president (75% voted for them)

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20
Q

3) Ebert’s SDP party progress

A

largest party, won 38% of the vote

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21
Q

3) Features of the constitution

A

Republic, sovereignty based on people, federal state, central government controlled tax, armed forces, foreign affairs

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21
Q

3) Features of reichtag

A

Members elected every 4 years, members elected by proportional representation chancellor and ministers must have their support, approves legislation

21
3) Features of president
Every 7 years, head of armed forced, summons and dissolves reichtag
22
3) Issues with president and reichtag relationship?
Presidency could limit reichtag, Article 48 - can override reichtag, suspend civil rights
22
3) What can reichsrat do?
veto legislation, made of delegates from each state but their decisions could be overturned if 2/3 of reichtag disagree
22
3) Issues with proportional representation?
Small parties gained representation (nazis), no majority so coalition government often changing, conflicting and unstable
23
3) Issues with continuity of Imperial institutions?
Civil service upheld Imperial German values, army not sympathetic of democracy and still held loyalty to Kaiser, traditional values
24
4) Why did the KPD start?
workers hoped industries would be nationalised, lack of reform, wanted society style government
25
4) 5 January Uprising
3 days of brutal street fights, over 100 people died, Luxembourg and Liebknecht murdered
26
4) Why was Spartacist Uprising easy to crush?
Had little support, army and friekorps had 400,000 troops so Noske could handle uprising easily
27
4) Why was Spartacist uprising unserious?
Government able to suppress it, leadership was poor, leaders killed
28
4) Any other threats from the left?
Strikes over 4 months, collapse of Bavarian monarchy, 'White Terror' (Noske crushed over 600 revolutionaries with 39,000 troops) crushed Eisner
29
5) What beliefs did far right often have?
Anti-semitic, patriotic
30
5) What happened during Kapp Putsch?
Disbandment of friekorps sparked outrage, Kapp led 12,000 troops to Berlin and seized main buildings in capital, forcing government to flee
31
5) How did Kapp Putsch end?
Trade unions strike, paralysed public services, Kapp fled after 4 days
32
5) Significance of Kapp Putsch?
Crushed but army acted as a "state within a state" with its own mind, weak republic reinforced, elections in 1920 showed less democratic support and more right wing support
33
6) Nationalism
Beliefs in Lebensbraum, overturn affects of Treaty
33
6) Beginning of Hitler's participation in DAP?
Drew up 25 point programme with Drexter, anti-capitalism, anti-semitic views
34
6) Racism
Beliefs in Social Darwinism, Aryan master race, Slavs and Jews inferior
35
6) Anti-semitism
scapegoat for troubles, by 1900 anti semitic groups won reichtag seats
36
6) Anti Democracy
Blamed democratic government for loss of war and Treaty, "November Criminals" theory supported, convinced of betrayal
37
6) Socialism
Wanted change, supported Volksgemeinschaft
38
6) Growth of Nazi Party
1921 - SA set up to intimidate parties and acts of violence 1921 - People's Obsevers Newspaper 1923 - 55,000, 20,000 SA members
39
6) Munich Putsch (1923)
To establish military dictatorship, 8 November Hitler stormed into Munich beer hall and declared national revolution
40
6) What happened day after 8 November 1923?
30,000 nazis attempted to take Munich, 16 killed and Hitler arrested and sentenced to five years (out in 10 months)
41
6) Aftermath of Munich putsch?
Ludendorff acquitted and Hitler writes 'Mein Kampff' in Landsberg prison
42
7) Before WW1 Germany was good at:
advanced engineering, well educated workforce, advanced banking system,
43
7) After WW1 Germany had:
lost valuable resources in land, national debt and reparation costs, 144,000 million debt in 1919
44
7) Causes of hyperinflation?
Debts, reparations, paying strikers during Ruhr occupation
45
7)Short Term?
invasion of Ruhr sent marks into freewill and economy became reliant on bartering and black market
45
7) Long Term Causes?
No increased tax for WW1 instead sold war bonds, by the end of WW1 only 16% of cost was taken from tax
46
7)Medium Term?
Solution of deficit financing ensured inflation continued, hard currency required prompted Germany to print off more marks which sent value of marks declining
47
8) What did French do in Ruhr?
Stopped coal transport to different German states, forced fuel importation
48
8) What mode of rebellion did workers in Ruhr use?
Passive Resistance
49
8) Why was money worthless by 1923?
Government forced to print off more money, decreased value. Bartering prevalent and starvation occurred in many towns
50
8)Stresseman era starts - what happens in Ruhr?
Coalition government formed, ends passive resistance and nationalists become enraged
51
8) Decline in value of marks caused?
People could pay off debts with worthless money, properties bought from financially desperate, industrial workers saw real wages

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