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weird Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the action potential causing a muscle contraction (sliding filament theory)

A
  1. Neuromuscular junction
  2. Sarcolemma
  3. T tubule near end of sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. T tubules depolarize
  5. Ca++ open
  6. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is permeable
  7. Ca++ go from reticulum to sarcoplasm
  8. bind to troponin, move tropomyosin
  9. Myosin binding sites are uncovered
  10. Myosin heads bind to actin & cross-bridges are formed
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2
Q

Muscles of the rotator cuff

A

Supraspinatus (front)
Infraspinatus (back)
Teres minor (back)
Subscapularis (front)

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3
Q

muscles of the quadriceps

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

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4
Q

muscles of the hamstrings

A

biceps femoris
semitendonosis
semimembranosis

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5
Q

Stroke volume equation

A

stroke volume = EDV - ESV

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6
Q

What is the Frank Starling mechanism ?

A

increased volume of blood enters the ventricle so it stretches and contracts with more force

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output (Q) equation?

A

Q = HR x SV (L/min)

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8
Q

What transports oxygen?

A

hemoglobin

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9
Q

what is the single best measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance and aerobic fitness?

A

VO2 max

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10
Q

What occurs during ventilatory threshold?

A

body shifts from aerobic to anaerobic state

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11
Q

as a result of exercise training, how is blood flow in active muscles increased?

A 
capillarization/recruitment
effective redistribution
increased blood/plasma volume
increased RBC and hemoglobin
blood viscosity decreases
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12
Q

BP is greater during concentric or eccentric phases?

A

concentric

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13
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension?

A

dizziness when standing up

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14
Q

carbs break down to …..
fats brea down to ….
proteins break down to ….

A

glucose (sugar)
triglycerides
amino acids

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15
Q

explain ATP-PCr

A

creatine kinase (enzyme) releases small amount of ATP stored in cells; 3-15 seconds [100m dash]

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16
Q

explain the glycolytic system

A

break down of glycogen stored in muscle or liver to lactic acid releasing ATP; combined with ATP-PCr 2 min. (800m dash)

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17
Q

explain the oxidative system

A

oxidative production of ATP that occurs in the mitochondria and can generate >35 ATP; steady state exercise (2-3 min)
PRIMARY METHOD OF ENERGY PRODUCTION during endurance events

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18
Q

what is the equation for respiratory exchange ratio?

A

RER = VCO2/VO2 [reveals what primary substrate body is using for energy production]

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19
Q

what nervous system are the skeletal muscles controlled by ?

A

somatic

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20
Q

explain Type 1 fibers

A

slow twitch, aerobic

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21
Q

explain Type 2 fibers

A

fast-twitch,
Type IIa - fast oxidative, sprinting
Type IIx - fast glycolytic, anaerobic, power lifting

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22
Q

SAID principle

A

specific adaptations to imposed demands

[you get out what you put in, the body responds to the type of training–power vs endurance]

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23
Q

acute muscle soreness vs DOMS?

A
  • acute is from build-up of end products

- delayed onset is the result of muscle damage and occurs most with eccentric contraction

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24
Q

6 causes of muscular fatigue

A
  1. energy depletes (diet, glycogen stores)
  2. H+ accumulates (decreases pH)
  3. Failure of contractile mechanism to occur
  4. muscle fiber type
  5. nervous system changes
  6. fitness level
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25
longitudinal growth vs circumferential growth (bones)
L: epiphyseal plates, length C: internal periosteum, thickness
26
what is Wolff's law ?
bone grows or remodels in response to stress
27
osteoblasts vs osteoclasts
clasts resorb bone, blasts make new bone
28
First class lever
see-saw, triceps | *best for balance
29
2nd class lever
wheel-barrow, plantarflexion | *best for power
30
3rd class lever
biceps, tongs, *best for ROM
31
Newtons 3 laws of motion
1. Inertia (no force, no movement) 2. Acceleration (F=ma) 3. Action-Reaction (any force results in equal and opposite force)
32
which produce greater force, eccentric or concentric contraction
eccentric
33
muscle tendon produces the most force at what angle
90 degree angle
34
Center of mass vs center of gravity
COM: mass is equally distributed (support point) COG: where force of gravity acts on body (balance point)
35
what are the 8 positive risk factors ?
``` age family history cigarette smoking sedentary lifestyle obesity hypertension dyslipidemia pre diabetes ```
36
arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis
arterio - loss of elasticity with aging | athero - arteriosclerosis with plaque and lesions within intima
37
atherosclerotic process
1. endothelium is injured 2. monocytes attach 3. migrate to intima 4. catch cholesterol & form fat streaks 5. platelets stick to endothelium and release growth factors 6. plaque forms and narrows lumen
38
what is ischemia ?
lack of oxygen (demand greater than supply)
39
type 1 vs type 2 diabetes
1: insulin deficient 2: insulin resistant
40
4 parts of pulmonary disease
1. COPD 2. Emphysema 3. chronic bronchitis 4. asthma
41
risk factor: age
45 men, 55 women
42
risk factor: family history
before 55 men | before 65 women
43
Risk factor: smoking
current smoker or less than 6 months
44
Risk factor: Sedentary lifestyle
30 min per day 5 days a week, or active occupation
45
Risk factor: Obesity
BMI > 30. waist 102cm men, 88cm women
46
Risk factor: Hypertension
BP systolic >90 BPM, diastolic >140 or on antihypertensive medication
47
Risk factor: Dyslipidemia
LDL > 130 Total chol > 200 HDL
48
Risk factor: Prediabetes
blood glucose 100-125 | *if unknown, count as risk factor if >45yrs or >30BMI, or if 25
49
what is tort?
breach of legal duty: 1. intentional 2. negligent 3. no fault (mistake)
50
how do managers prevent tort claims
1. screening, profiling 2. waivers 3. liability insurance
51
commission vs omission
co: doing what you shouldnt (setting dislocated shoulder) om: not doing what you should (CPR/1st aid)
52
Facility manager fiscal responsibilities
Financial statements Income management Budgets
53
5 step process to planning a project
1. needs assessment 2. goals and objectives 3. construct idea 4. implement idea 5. revise and review
54
Program administrator duties
``` risk management plan/develop marketing evaluation retention of customers ```
55
program evaluation is (subjective or objective) ?
objective - not influenced by personal feelings or opinion
56
5 stages of the transtheoretical model
Pre contemplation contemplation preparation
57
Social cognitive theory
1. people learn by observing others 2. Learning is internal and may/may not lead to a behavior 3. Goal-directed behavior* 4. Behavior eventually becomes self-regulated 5. Reinforcement/Punishment have indirect effects on behavior
58
Five A's for behavior change
``` Address the agenda Assess Advise Assist Arrange follow up ```
59
SMART principle
``` Specific Measurable Attainable Reasonable Timely ```
60
5 Cognitive behavior approaches
``` SMART (goal setting) Social Reinforcement Record Shaping (break it down to smaller steps) ```
61
BMI classifications
underweight: 40
62
What is the equation to calculate BMI
kg/m2 OR lbs/in2
63
when using skin folds , what is the equation to calculate %BF?
(495/body density)-450
64
Skinfold
1. Chest 2. Tricep 3. Subscapular 4. Midaxillary 5. Abdomen 6. Suprailiac 7. Thigh
65
3 site Male:
Chest Abdomen Thigh
66
3 Site female:
Triceps Suprailium Thigh
67
the ACSM promotes ____% weight loss reduction over 3-6 months, ___ lbs per week
5-10%, 1-2
68
What is the equation for Target HR ?
(HRmax - Resting HR) x Intensity + resting HR

ACSM Test (2 decks)

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