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LAz book questions > weird questions > Flashcards

weird questions Flashcards

1
Q

What murmur is heard loudest in aortic regurgitation

A

Austin Flint murmur

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2
Q

What murmur can be heard in pulmonary regurgitation loudest? ANd where?

A

graham steell murmur

at uppper left sternal edge

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3
Q

What murmur can be heard in patent ductus arteriosus loudest?

A

Gibson

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4
Q

What murmur can be heard with turbulent flow over a thickened mitral valve ? WHat is it associated with

A

carey coombs

rheumatic fever

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5
Q

What murmur can be heard mitral valve prolapse? Where is it heard best?

A

Barlow murmur

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of a nephrotic syndrome in children?

A

Minimal change glomerulo nephritis

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7
Q

What is the most common cause of a nephrotic syndrome in adults?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of a nephritic syndrome in adults?

A

Ig A nephropathy

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9
Q

How does Ig A nephropathy present as?

A

few days after upper respiratory infection

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10
Q

What is henoch schoenlein purpura?

A

older children

TRIAD of abdominal pain, arthritis and purpuretic rash

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11
Q

Describe the typical history of complaint for reactive arthiris?

A

present days or weeks after GI infection or urogenital infection

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12
Q

What is the triad of symptoms of reactive arthritis

A

uveitis, arthritis, urethritis

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13
Q

What are the extra articular feature of a urogenital infection?

A

circinate balantis and keratoderma blenorrhagicum

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14
Q

How would your investigation of chronic and acute pancreatitis differentiate?

A

chronic pancreatitis: normal serum amylase and low feacal elastase
acute pancreatitis: high serum amylase

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15
Q

What drugs makes GORD worse?

A

exacerbate symptoms of reflux including drugs that damage the mucosa (e.g. NSAIDs, aspirin, steroids and bisphosphonates) and drugs that affect oesophageal motility (e.g. TCAs, nitrates and anticholinergics).

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16
Q

What is The most common cause of fainting in young people

A

The most common cause of fainting in young people is vasovagal syncope

17
Q

What leads to left homonymous hemianopia?

A

right optic tract has been damaged.

18
Q

What leads to superior or inferior homonymous quadrantopia

A

Disruption of the upper and lower divisions of the optic radiations

19
Q

What is associated with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML)

A

Auer rods

Sudan black stain

20
Q

What is associated with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL)

A

Occurs in children

21
Q

What is associated with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML)

A 
Philadelphia Chromosome (translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22)
Massive splenomegaly
22
Q

What is associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL)

A 
Smear/Smudge cells
Warm agglutinins (AIHA)
23
Q

What is associated with Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

Painful lymph nodes after alcohol ingestion
Reed-Sternberg cells
B symptoms (fever, weight loss, night sweats)

24
Q

What is associated with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A 
B symptoms (fever, weight loss, night sweats)
Painless enlarging cervical lymph nodes
25
Q

What is associated with Myelodysplasia

A

Ringed sideroblasts

NO splenomegaly

26
Q

What is associated with Myelofibrosis

A

MASSIVE splenomegaly
Dry tap (failure of bone marrow aspirate)
Dacrocytes (tear drop cells)
Associated with polycythaemia rubra vera

27
Q

what is the treatment for TB

A

Rifampicin and Isoniazid – 6 months Pyrazinamide and Ethambutol – 2 months These drugs can be remembered using the mnemonic: RIPE

28
Q

symptoms of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

confusion/dementia, gait disturbance and urinary incontinence

29
Q

what does the CREST syndrome involve?

A

CREST syndrome’ because the main
features of it are: Calcinosis, Raynaud’s phenomenon, oEsophageal dysmotility,
Sclerodactyly and Telangiectasia.

30
Q

when is flecanide contraindicated?

A

Flecainide is

contraindicated in patients with a history of ischaemic heart disease.

31
Q

describe the management of AF?

A

The long-term
management of AF involves rate control and anticoagulation. Verapamil and
1st
bisoprolol are
line for rate control. Digoxin may be used in some cases.
Anticoagulation is achieved with warfarin, aiming for an INR of 2-3. Patients
presenting for the first time with AF will be risk stratified using the CHA2DS2-Vasc
score, to determine whether they need long-term anticoagulation. Patients with
paroxysmal AF will also have a ‘pill in the pocket’ - sotalol or flecainide PRN.

32
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

A

bone marrow malignancy characterised by the proliferation of lymphoblasts.
COMMON in children
SYMPTOMS: anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and leukopaenia), which manifests as fatigue, dyspnoea, easy bruising and opportunistic infections, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and, sometimes, testicular swelling.

BLOOD FILM: high number of circulating lymphoblasts. Furthermore, a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy will reveal a hypercellular marrow with > 20% of the cells being lymphoblast

33
Q

What are the symptoms of AML

A

similar to ALL but less infiltration

34
Q

What are the symptoms of Chronic leukaemias

A

asymptomatic or have a chronic history spanning months or years

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a tumour of the
lymphoid cells. It is diagnosed histopathologically by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (binucleate lymphocytes). The main features of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are a painless, enlarging neck/axilla/groin mass, lymphadenopathy that becomes painful after the ingestion of alcohol, pruritus and the B symptoms of lymphoma (fever, night sweats and weight loss).

36
Q

what does a SAAG higher than 11 indicate

A

most often due to portal hypertension. An increased hydrostatic pressure within the hepatic portal system, forces fluid out of the vasculature and into the peritoneal cavity, thereby concentrating the serum albumin. Causes of a high SAAG include cirrhosis, constrictive pericarditis, congestive cardiac failure, Budd-Chiari syndrome and hepatic venous obstruction.

37
Q

what does a SAAG lower than 11 indicate

A

Nephrotic syndrome is an important exception – the ascitic fluid does not have a high protein content but it does cause a low SAAG because albumin is freely filtered through damaged glomeruli, resulting in a reduced serum albumin. Other causes of a low SAAG include malignancy, pancreatitis, infection and bowel obstruction.

LAz book questions (2 decks)

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