Welfare Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
What are the five freedoms?
A
Hunger/thirst, thermal/physical discomfort, injury/disease, normal behaviour, fear/stress
2
Q
Instead of the five freedoms, what does the AWA 2006 introduce?
A
Five Needs
3
Q
What are the Five Needs?
A
Environment, diet, behaviour, with/apart from other animals, protection from pain/suffering/injury/disease
4
Q
What did Welfare Quality (2009) define instead of the Five Freedoms/Needs?
A
Four principles for good welfare
5
Q
What are the four principles for good welfare?
A
Feeding, housing, health, behaviour
6
Q
What is the difference between a feeling and an emotion?
A
Feeling increases chance of survival, whereas emotion includes subjective and expressive (behavioural and neurophysiological) components
7
Q
What is a common problem with veal calves?
A
Iron deficiency anaemia (weak and poor breathing)
8
Q
What kind of activity do animals show is prevented from meeting a behavioural need?
A
Rebound activity
9
Q
What are three kinds of tests that can be done to determine an animals behavioural needs?
A
Preference, aversion, deprivation
10
Q
What is an ethogram?
A
Detailed description of he behavioural features of a particular species
11
Q
When can there be problems during preference testing?
A
If the stimulus is not related to the telos of an animal - may not respond because they don’t have the receptor
12
Q
Why is CO2 stunning of pigs aversive?
A
Nasal mucosa irritation
13
Q
What is alostasis?
A
keeping the organism alive and functioning (homeostasis, adaptation, coping)
14
Q
What is agency?
A
Engaging with the environment to gather knowledge and enhance skills
15
Q
What is a teloceptor?
A
An event at a distance
16
Q
What is an exterioceptor?
A
Skin contact
17
Q
What is an interioceptor?
A
Visceral/physiological state
18
Q
What causes meat to become PSE?
A
Too rapid glycogen release
19
Q
What happens if all glycogen is released or used up?
A
Meat becomes dark and dry
20
Q
What are four types of abnormal behaviour directed towards another animal?
A
Animal as: Object to acquire, mother, sexual object, rival
21
Q
What are the two kinds of anomalous reactivity?
A
Inactivity or hysteria
22
Q
Why is sympathetic GAS hard to measure?
A
Short half life
23
Q
What parameters can be used to measure the sympathetic GAS?
A
Heart rate, pupil dilation, skin temperature
24
Q
How soon is cortisol released after stress?
A
2-3 minutes
25
Which samples can cortisol be measured in?
Blood, urine, saliva, faeces
26
By what mechanisms does cortisol increase nutrients in the blood?
Gluconeogenesis, protein breakdown, lipolysis
27
Why does cortisol cause increased blood volume?
Retains Na+
28
Which interleukins mediate chronic corticosteroid immunosuppression?
IL-1,2,b
29
Which three immune cells are inhibited during chronic corticosteroid release?
Antibody, T cell, macrophages
30
Which stressors do not cause cortisol to rise/remain high?
Heat, chronic confinement, chronic pain
31
Which hormone level falls with stress?
Prolactin
32
Which three challenges can affect LH and FSH levels?
Transport, high temperatures, low feed intake
33
Which hormone classes mediate stress induced hyperthermia?
Interleukins, prostaglandins, vasopressin
34
Which kind of animal is prone to stress hyperthermia?
Captured wildlife
35
Which hormone acts as an indicator of energy reserves?
Leptin
36
Physiological responses to emotional stress?
Adrenergic, adrenal, core body temperature, ghrelin, reduced LH GRH and prolactin
37
Physiological responses to pain?
Adrenergic, adrenal, trauma enzymes and inflammatory markers
38
Physiological responses to osmotic stress?
Adrenergic, adrenal, haemoconcentration parameters
39
Physiological responses to energy depletion?
Insulin, glucagon, leptin, glucose, urea
40
Physiological responses to thermal stress?
GAS, prolactin, temperature (core and skin), panting, sweating, reproductive hormones
41
What are two examples of failure to function behaviour?
Sexual inadequacy, parental behaviour (neonatal rejection)
42
Which kind of neural system is involved in stereotypic behaviour?
Dopaminergic
43
What stimulates and blocks dopaminergic neural systems?
Amphetamines stimulate, naloxone blocks
44
What kind of oral stereotypies are common in low input environments?
Those associated with high input receptors
45
Which Act regulates the profession, controls memberships, has a code of conduct, client and welfare duties?
Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
46
What are the two types of witness?
Witness in fact, expert witness
47
What is the difference between the two types of witness?
Expert witness can express an opinion
48
What are the two types of law?
Civil and criminal
49
What are the two types of criminal law?
Common (judicial) and statute (parliamentary)
50
Who makes Judicial (common) law?
Judges by precedent in senior courts
51
Is parliamentary or judicial law higher up?
Parliamentary
52
How is Statute/Legislative law passed?
Act of Parliament
53
What are the two parts of statute/legislative law?
Primary (main act) and secondary (made by ministers)
54
Which kind of law includes Code of Practices?
Statute/Legislative
55
Which kind of law has England/Ireland/Scotland differences?
Statute/Legislative
56
What are three international organisations the UK is obligated to?
WTO, European Laws, Council of Europe
57
Which kind of law allows owners to do as they wish to their property (animals)?
Common Law
58
Which Act allows citizens to enjoy their property rights?
Human Rights Act 1998
59
Which Treaty gives protection and respect for the welfare of animals but has exceptions for culture/religion?
Treaty of Amsterdam 1997
60
Which Act gives protections for domesticated vertebrates?
AWA 2006
61
What act gives protection for research animals?
A(SP)A 1986
62
Which Acts protect wild vertebrates?
Wild Mammals Protection Act 1996 and Wildlife and Countryside Act 1881
63
Which animals aren't protected by AWA?
Wild animals in the free state, foetuses, animals under ASPA, fishing
64
What are the three things you can be prosecuted for under AWA?
Commission, Omission, Vicarious Liability
65
Who decides whether suffering is necessary or not?
Court
66
What should you do when signing a Section 18 certificate?
Follow RCVS guidance
67
Who produces Codes of Practice which outline good practice and may be used in court?
Defra
68
Who can issue improvement notices?
AWA inspectors, not RSPCA
69
What must an improvement notice state?
What needs aren't being met and when this must be changed by
70
Which kind of Act is the AWA?
Common Informers Act
71
Does the AWA do private or state prosecution?
Both
72
Are the police AWA inspectors?
No but have some powers esp involving distress
73
What year is ASPA?
1986
74
When was ASPA passed by whole EU?
2010
75
What are the three types of research?
Regulated, non-regulated, clinical
76
What defines a regulated procedure?
One that causes pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm
77
What must be true to be allow to do a regulated procedure?
Must be a clear benefit
78
Which animals come under ASPA?
Any living vertebrate + octopus
79
From what age are animals covered by ASPA?
From 2/3 through gestation/incubation
80
What four types of research can't be done under ASPA?
Great Apes, cosmetics, offensive weapons, alcohol/tobacco
81
What are the four named roles under the Establishment Licence Holder?
Veterinary Surgeon, Animal Care and Welfare, Training and Competency, Information
82
Who does the named Veterinary Surgeon report to?
Home Office
83
What job are the ASP Inspectorate usually?
Vets
84
What kind of visits do ASP inspectors conduct?
Routine and unannounced
85
Which areas can ASP Inspectors access?
All
86
What four things does "The Guidance" give advice on?
How the act is enforced, Licences issues under the act, responsibilities of those with roles, the main provisions
87
What are the 3 Rs of experiment design?
Replacement, reduction, refinement
88
Who sets the ASPA code of practice?
Home Office
89
What are four rules the ASPA code of practice includes?
Minimum enclosure dimensions, temperature, humidity, ventilation
90
Do racehorses or lab horses have more space?
Lab
91
Do pet shop or lab rats have more space?
Pet shop
92
Where must rabbits be housed under ASPA?
Floor-houses - no cages
93
What is the only law which says animals having surgery must have analgesics?
ASPA
94
What happens if there is a behaviour void?
More abnormal behaviour
95
What are non-regulated procedures?
Those which don't cause pain/distress/harm
96
Which law regulates non-regulated procedures?
AWA 2006
97
What are two examples of non-regulated procedures?
Behavioural studies, anatomy dissection
98
What must the benefit be to for a non-regulated procedure?
Science
99
What is clinical research done for the benefit of?
Individual animals or its immediate group/progeny
100
Which law regulates clinical research?
Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
101
What are the four requirements for informed consent?
Information, competence, voluntary participation, right to withdraw consent
102
Which section of the AWA prohibits sale to under 16s?
Section II
103
Which law applies to pet animals transported for commercial purposes?
WATO 2006
104
Which pets are exempt from WATO?
Those travelling with owners, travelling to and from vets,
105
Which pets are not exempt from AWA section 4?
Pets travelling with veterinary advice
106
What are the three kinds of farm visits the APHA performs?
Basic Payment claimant visits, complaints, OV complaints from slaughterhouses
107
What happens to Basic Payment claimants if breaches are found?
Payments reduced
108
How quickly will the APHA visit a farm following a complaint?
Within 24 hours
109
Who takes APHA prosecutions forward?
Local Authority/Trading Standards
110
Which committee developed the 5 freedoms?
Brambell committee
111
Who review the 5 freedoms and are an expert committee for Defra?
FAWC
112
How long do broiler chickens live?
35 days
113
Which livestock are Code of Practice produced for?
Most - apart from Emu, Ostrich and Rhea
114
What happens if you fail to comply with a Code of Practice?
Not an offense but can be used as evidence
115
Who can serve an improvement notice?
APHA or Local Authority
116
What must an improvement notice quote?
The 5 freedoms and which has been breached
117
Who has power of entry onto agricultural premises?
VOs
118
Which law requires all carers to have welfare codes?
Welfare of Farmed Animals 2007
119
What causes pododermatitis in chickens?
Sticky litter
120
At what age can beak trimming be done?
Under 10 days
121
Which law sets of handling and housing of animals at market?
Welfare of Animals at Markets 1990
122
Where are the horse market regulations?
In a separate Order
123
Who produces horse Codes of Practice?
NEWC
124
When are horses only covered by the APHA?
If used for agriculture
125
Which law gives Local Authorities and landowners rights after fly tipping?
Control of Horses Act 2015
126
What is proof of emaciation?
Lack of fat around coronary arteries
127
What four things must pig substrate be?
MICE - manipulatable, investigable, chewable, edible,
