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Y4 FA - Lameness > Welfare and Cattle Lameness > Flashcards

Welfare and Cattle Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important welfare issue for the dairy industry?

A

Lameness

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2
Q

What is meant by cattle being sentient creatures?

A

Can feel pain and suffering

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3
Q

How does cattle being prey animals link to pain?

A

Stoical and less likely to show signs of pain

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4
Q

Define pain

A

Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience caused by actual or potential tissue damage

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5
Q

Describe the pain pathway from the site of pain

A

Damage to tissues -> release of inflammatory mediators
-> Nociceptors -> spinal cord and spinal pathways

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6
Q

Where does conscious pain perception occur?

A

Thalamus

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7
Q

Where do behavioural modifications due to pain occur?

A

Limbic system

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8
Q

Where do NSAIDs act in the pain pathway?

A

Block inflammatory mediators reaching nociceptors

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9
Q

Where do local anaesthetics act in the pain pathway?

A

Block nociceptors

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10
Q

How can you tell a cow is in pain?

A
  • Minimising pain: Reduce activity, lying down, reduced load, posture
  • Heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature increase
  • Food intake decreased, body weight decreased, impaired rumen function
  • Mental status (dull depressed little interest in surroundings, grooming)
  • Vocalisation
  • Facial expression
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11
Q

How is mobility affected in lame cows?

A
  • Arching of Spine
  • Hanging or nodding head as she walks
  • Shortened stride length
  • Adduct /Abduct hind limbs
  • Paddling and shuffling of feet
  • Unwilling to walk
  • Reduction in weight bearing of affected limbs
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12
Q

What are the effects of lameness on health and productivity?

A

Lame cows are usually expected to remain in the herd, produce milk and get in calf!
Milk yield falls
Thinner because of impacts on nutrition
Impacts fertility
Increased risk of culling

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13
Q

Why does lameness impact a cows nutrition?

A
  • Dry Matter Intake Falls
  • Pain/ Reluctance to walk to feeding areas
  • Increased lying times
  • Reduced time spent eating
  • Reduced number of meals per day
  • Thin cows are more likely to become lame: Thickness of the digital cushion, increase metabolic load
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14
Q

How does lameness impact fertility?

A
  • Delayed cyclicity
  • Oestrus behaviour decreased
  • Calving to 1st service increased
  • Calving to conception increased
  • Number serves per conception increased
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15
Q

List the 5 freedoms

A

Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from injury and disease
Freedom to express natural behaviour
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from fear and distress

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16
Q

How does lameness tie in with the 5 freedoms and decreased welfare?

A
  • Reduced feed intake
  • Expected to continue living in the herd
  • Housed concrete
  • Standing times around milking, feeding
  • Cubicles inadequate
  • Walk on farm tracks
  • Pain chronic and continuous
  • Social status changes bullying, competition for feed and cubicles
  • Element of fear/distress associated with the diseased state
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17
Q

List some animal based welfare measures that can be used to measure the welfare impact of lameness

A

Mobility Scoring- regularly
Dairy co mobility scoring
Swellings
Lesions
Body Condition Score
Cleanliness scoring

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18
Q

List some resource based welfare measures that can be used to measure the welfare impact of lameness

A
  1. Record lameness and treatment farmer vet foot trimmer
  2. Housing Assessment:
    - Cow Comfort
    - Cubicles
    - Hygiene Score
    - Floor surface
    - Tracks
  3. Nutrition
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19
Q

Under the animal welfare act 2006, duty of care on the owner of the animal to ensure the needs of the animal are met covers which aspects of welfare?

A
  • For a suitable environment (place to live)
  • For a suitable diet
  • To exhibit normal behaviour patterns
  • To be housed with, or apart from, other animals (if applicable)
  • To be protected from pain, injury, suffering and disease
20
Q

Under the welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007 list the welfare linked regulations

A
  • Owner’s are responsible for the welfare of their animals
  • Access and familiar with Welfare Codes
  • Inspected at least once daily to check well-being
  • Any animals appear ill or injured cared for appropriately without delay
  • If do not respond veterinary care must be obtained asap
  • Medicines record for 3 years
21
Q

Describe the legislation linked to transport of lame animals

A

Not fit for transport if “unable to move independently without pain or to walk unassisted. Injured or present physiological weakness or pathological processes”
Lame animal cannot be transported

22
Q

Lameness is often a multifactorial disease, so how can it be prevented?

A

Genetics
Housing
Nutrition
Hygiene
Infectious Foot Disease
Foot trimming

23
Q

What are the 4 roles of vets in lameness prevention?

A

Awareness
Improve treatment and prevention
Education
Research

24
Q

What are the 4 principles of lameness treatment?

A

Early Identification
Correct Diagnosis
Correct Treatment
Pain Management

25
Q

How can lameness be identified early on?

A

Lameness scoring

26
Q

Describe the benefits of lameness scoring

A
  • Regular monitoring of the herd
  • Estimates prevalence and severity of lameness problem
  • Highlights extent of lameness problem to farmer
  • Identifies lame cows for examination and treatment
  • Identify lame cows early
  • Monitoring and Interventions
  • For many retailers, compulsory for farmer to
    lameness score herd regularly, and record
  • Valuable source of information used by farmers and vets
27
Q

Describe the lameness scoring methods used on farm

A

Dairy Co Mobility scoring
- Exiting Milking Parlour
- Record cow number and score, leg lame
- Data can be entered into number of farm software programmes and used to monitor interventions

28
Q

Describe the individual treatment used for lame cows

A
  1. Foot trimming
    - Skill qualifications of person
    - Damage hoof, unbalance hoof
  2. Foot blocks
  3. Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs
  4. Footbaths
  5. Antibiotics
29
Q

How is lameness cure maximised?

A

Multimodal treatment
e.g. trim, block and NSAIDs

30
Q

Why are blocks used?

A

Encourages non weight bearing, reduced compression promote healing

31
Q

How else can you reduce the load of baring lame cows?

A
  • Reduce standing times at milking: Lameness group
  • Housing cow comfort
  • Reduce walking times
  • House lame cows straw yards, pens, paddocks close to farm
  • If not improve consider culling
32
Q

List 3 risk factors in the environment/housing for lameness

A

Lying Times – cow has to take the weight off her feet
Foot Hygiene
Trauma

33
Q

List the factors that affect lying times

A
  • Overstocking
  • Cubicle number
  • Cubicles size
  • Condition of cubicles
  • Bedding
  • Milking routine
  • Feed systems
34
Q

How can you assess lying times?

A
  • Measure number cubicles
  • Measure size of cubicles
  • Measure Cow Comfort quotient
  • Measure Standing times at milking
  • Measure Standing times feed areas
35
Q

The cow comfort quotient = …/…

A

Number of cows using cubicles correctly/Number of cows interacting with cubicles

36
Q

Describe concrete only with light scattering of substrate as the bedding provided for cows

A

Unacceptable ! Will cause pressure sores and pain

37
Q

Describe rubber mats plus substrate as the bedding provided for cows

A

Cheap (variable with quality; bear in mind slippery/good grip)
Substrate may be 3kg straw/cubicle/day, or sawdust/shavings

38
Q

Describe mattresses as the bedding provided for cows

A

Foam, covered with stretched membrane
Gel filled
Water filled “water beds”

39
Q

Describe sand as the bedding provided for cows

A

Hygienic, requires daily raking and repositioning to avoid waste
Reduced standing time, cleaner, less lameness

40
Q

Describe deep straw as the bedding provided for cows

A

Comfortable but increased risk of Streptococcus uberis

41
Q

Describe paper ash as the bedding provided for cows

A

Cheap, may harden when wet

42
Q

How are cubicles assessed?

A

Cow Comfort Quotient
Measure number and size
Assess Bedding/Comfort
Hock Lesions
Hygiene scores

43
Q

How is hygiene associated as a risk factors for lameness?

A

Bacterial load
Wetness damaging integrity of the feet
Factors contributing to hygiene:
- Cubicle length
- Frequency scraping out
- Passageway width 3- 4.5m
- Bedding plus lime
- Ventilation and drainage
- Frequent disinfectant Footbathing

44
Q

How are walking surfaces assessed as a risk factor for lameness?

A

Trauma
Abrasive Excessive wear
Slipping
Hygiene

45
Q

How should the peri-parturient cow be managed to prevent lameness?

A

Body Condition Score - fat pad
Pedal bone movement
Decreased lying times
Stress: Change in diet, change in social group
Ensure housing comfort pre and post calving time
Avoid overstocking
Good transition diet
Foot trimming

46
Q

How should the heifers cow be managed to prevent lameness?

A
  • Lame in first lactation, more likely lame next lactation
  • Introduce to housing and social groups pre-calving
  • Cubicle training, introduction to concrete
  • Sufficient space
  • Separate group post calving

Y4 FA - Lameness (5 decks)

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