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WELL HYDRAULICS Flashcards

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1
Q

is the study of how groundwater moves through aquifers to wells. It involves understanding and analyzing the flow of water into or out of wells, especially during pumping (drawdown) and recovery.

A

well
hydraulics

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2
Q

are the physical and hydraulic characteristics of an aquifer that determine how it stores and transmits groundwater.

A

aquifer properties

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3
Q

aquifer properties

A

Porosity and Water Retention
Classification To Aquifer Materials
Rock Properties Affecting Aquifers
Hydraulic Conductivity

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4
Q

classification of aquifer materials

A

Consolidated Materials
Unconsolidated Materials

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5
Q

Consolidated Materials

A

Sedimentary Rocks
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

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6
Q

Most significant due to high porosity and permeability.

A

Sedimentary Rocks

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7
Q

Can also serve as aquifers in certain regions.

A

Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks

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8
Q

Unconsolidated Materials

A

Surficial Deposits

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9
Q

Include colluvial, alluvial, glacial, and eolian materials.

A

Surficial Deposits

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10
Q

Rock Properties Affecting Aquifers

A

Porosity
Permeability

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11
Q

porosity types

A

Intergranular Porosity
Fracture Porosity

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12
Q

Space between grains.

A

Intergranular Porosity

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13
Q

Space within fractures.

A

Fracture Porosity

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14
Q

Water that drains under gravity.

A

Specific Yield

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15
Q

Water that remains in the rock after drainage.

A

Specific Retention

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16
Q

The ability of a material to transmit water, denoted as K..

A

Hydraulic Conductivity

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17
Q

Types of Aquifers

A

Unconfined Aquifers
Confined Aquifers
Perched Aquifers
Artesian Aquifer

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18
Q

No overlying confining layer; water table is the upper limit.

A

Unconfined Aquifers

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19
Q

Covered by a confining layer; water can rise above the aquifer level.

A

Confined Aquifers

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20
Q

Isolated bodies of water above the main water table.

A

Perched Aquifers

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21
Q

are confined aquifers where groundwater is trapped between impermeable layers.

A

Artesian Aquifer

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22
Q

is The movement of water through the pores and cracks in rock and soil beneath the surface of the Earth

A

groundwater flow

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23
Q

is a vital resource for drinking water, agriculture, and industry, supporting ecosystems and human activities.

A

Groundwater

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24
Q

principles of groundwater
movement

A

darcy’s law
hydraulic gradient
permeability and porosity

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25
a formula that explains how water moves through the ground. It states that the amount of water flowing through soil or rock depends on How much pressure difference, How easy it is for water to flow through the material, and How big the area is that the water is flowing through.
Darcy's Law
26
is the difference in water pressure (or elevation) over a given distance and is the main driving force for groundwater flow.
hydraulic gradient
27
The ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through it.
permeability
28
The percentage of void (empty) space in a material where water can be stored.
porosity
29
it is a layer of rock, sand, or soil underground that can store groundwater.
aquifers
30
Water is stored directly under the ground surface.
Unconfined Aquifer
31
Water is trapped between two impermeable layers
confined Aquifer
32
it happens when groundwater flows naturally to the surface without pumping, due to pressure in a confined aquifer.
artesian flow
33
it describe how groundwater moves underground through soil, sediment, or rock layers from areas of recharge to discharge.
Groundwater flow systems
34
Factors Affecting Groundwater Flow
Geological Formations Recharge and Discharge Areas Human Impacts on Groundwater
35
play a critical role in determining how groundwater flows through the Earth. These formations composed of different types of soil, rock, and sediment affect the direction, speed, and storage capacity of groundwater. Different geological materials have different levels of permeability and porosity
Geological Formations
36
are regions where water from precipitation, rivers, or melting snow infiltrates the ground and replenishes the groundwater supply.
Recharge areas
37
are places where groundwater flows back to the surface, emerging as springs, wetlands, or contributing to rivers and lakes.
discharge areas
38
Human Impacts on Groundwater
Groundwater pumping and drawdown Contamination and pollution sources Urbanization and land use changes
39
properly designed water well is crucial for ensuring a reliable and sustainable supply of groundwater for domestic, agricultural, industrial, and municipal uses.
WELL DESIGN
40
an engineered excavation or structure created to access groundwater from aquifers beneath the Earth's surface.
water well
41
determining A WELL LOCATION
Hydrogeological conditions water quality water availability accessibility and infrastucture contamination risk legal and regulatory constraints
42
a technical process intended to produce a structure that is hydraulically efficient, durable, and safe from contamination. It begins with preliminary data from a test hole or pilot drilling and culminates in a fully engineered plan.
WELL DESIGN
43
Located at water-bearing zones, it allows water to enter while excluding sand and gravel.
WELL SCREEN
44
A blank pipe section above and between screened intervals that provides structural integrity and protects against cross-contamination from shallower aquifers
casing
45
Surrounds the well screen to filter fine sediments from entering. Proper sizing and placement ensure efficient water flow
gravel pack
46
A cement-bentonite mixture is used to seal the upper part of the well to prevent surface contaminants from seeping into the aquifer.
grout seal
47
well drilling techniques
1. rotary drilling 2. reverse rotary drilling 3. air rotary drilling 4. cable tool drilling
48
COMMON TECHNIQUES IN WELL DEVELOPMENT
SURGING JETTING
49
often called a pump test, is conducted after development to evaluate the performance of the well and the surrounding aquifer’s capacity to transmit water
ACQUIFER TESTING
50
TWO COMMON TESTING FORMATS IN ACQUIFER TESTING
constant rate test step-drawdown test
51
Protecting the ______ from contamination is essential to safeguard groundwater quality
WELLHEAD
52
BEST PRACTICES IN WELLHEAD PROTECTION
elevated construction sanitary seal backflow prevention devices regulatory compliance
53
describes how effectively a water well supplies water
WELL PERFORMANCE
54
refers to how efficiently a well can deliver water (or other fluids) from an aquifer when pumped. It measures the relationship between the amount of water pumped (discharge) and the drop in water level inside the well (drawdown).
WELL PERFORMANCE
55
The rate at which water is pumped from the well (e.g., liters per second or gallons per minute).
discharge (Q)
56
The difference between the static (non-pumping) water level and the pumping water level in the well.
drawdown (s)
57
A quick indicator of well performance. Defined as the discharge rate (Q) divided by the drawdown (s) A high specific capacity means the well is producing a lot of water with little drawdown—good performance.
specific capacity
58
Compares actual drawdown to the theoretical drawdown from aquifer losses alone. If there's a high loss near the well (called well losses), the efficiency is low.
well efficiency
59
Used to evaluate well performance by pumping at increasing rates and observing drawdown at each step. Helps distinguish between aquifer losses and well losses.
step-drawdown test
60
a field experiment that measures the water level response in nearby wells while simulating the process of pumping groundwater from a well
pumping test
61
THREE MAIN TYPES OF PUMPING TEST DESIGN:
1. constant-rate pumping test 2. step-drawdown test 3. recovery test
62
The most common type of pumping test is the constant-rate pumping test. In order to measure the water-level response (drawdown) in one or more adjacent observation wells and, if feasible, in the control well itself, a control well must be pumped steadily.
constant-rate pumping test
63
also referred to as step tests, are single-well pumping tests that are used to evaluate a pumping well's performance under controlled variable discharge conditions.
step-drawdown test
64
a controlled field experiment called a recovery test is carried out in the pumped (control) well. The water-level response (residual drawdown) is measured after pumping has stopped in one or more neighboring observation wells and, if desired, in the control well itself.
Recovery test
65
the process by which water moves from the surface into the ground to replenish an underground aquifer.
Aquifer recharge
66
methods of recharging
1. RAINFALL/SNOWMELT 2. Infiltration ponds /basin 3. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE WELL 4. RIVER RECHARGE 5. WASTE WATER RECHARGE
67
Natural recharge are the primary natural sources of recharge. Water percolates through the soil and rock layers, eventually reaching the saturated zone and replenishing the aquifer.
RAINFALL/SNOWMELT
68
are a common method for artificial aquifer recharge, where water is directed to an area of permeable soil to infiltrate into the ground and replenish groundwater reserves.
Infiltration ponds or basins
69
is a type of engineered structure used to directly inject surface water into an aquifer to replenish groundwater levels.
ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE WELL
70
Can be natural or artificial process where water from a river seeps into the surrounding ground, replenishing nearby aquifers.
RIVER RECHARGE
71
is a process where treated wastewater is intentionally or unintentionally used to replenish groundwater resources.
WASTE WATER RECHARGE

HYDROLOGY (5 decks)

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