Western Civ Flashcards
Memorize (325 cards)
2
Q
What events contributed to France’s economic woes in the 18th century?
A
Support of the American Revolution, reliance on short‐term, high‐interest loans, and an inadequate taxation system.
3
Q
Marie Antoinette came from which empire?
A
Austrian Empire
4
Q
What was the significance of the Diamond Necklace Affair?
A
It further damaged Marie Antoinette’s reputation and fueled public discontent.
5
Q
Which group constituted the First Estate?
A
Catholic clergy
6
Q
Which group constituted the Second Estate?
A
Nobility
7
Q
Which group made up the Third Estate?
A
Commoners
8
Q
The meeting at which these groups convened in 1788, after 164 years, was called…?
A
Estates General
9
Q
What did ‘Doubling the Third’ mean?
A
The Third Estate was given double the number of representatives.
10
Q
What did ‘Vote by head’ mean?
A
Each delegate would get an individual vote.
11
Q
Who wrote ‘What Is the Third Estate’?
A
Abbé Siéyes
12
Q
What was the Tennis Court Oath?
A
Deputies of the Third Estate assembled in an indoor tennis court and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly, pledging to meet until a French constitution was established.
13
Q
What did the Third Estate proclaim themselves?
A
National Assembly
14
Q
Which body replaced the National Assembly?
A
Legislative Assembly
15
Q
What did the Brunswick Manifesto declare?
A
That Paris would be leveled if the royal family were harmed.
16
Q
Who were the Jacobins?
A
The Jacobins were a radical political group during the French Revolution who played a major role in shaping its most extreme and transformative phase.
A leader was “Maximilien Robespierre”
17
Q
Who were the Sans‐Culottes?
A
Common people of Paris: butchers, bakers, blacksmiths, cobblers, etc.
Often poor, politically active, and fiercely anti-monarchy.
Key supporters of radical revolutionary change and Jacobin policies.
18
Q
What was the significance of the storming of the Tuileries?
A
It forced the royal family into virtual imprisonment.
19
Q
What caused the prison massacres of September 1792?
A
Rumors that anti‐revolutionary prisoners would break out and attack.
20
Q
Why are those massacres called the First Terror?
A
It was the first instance of large‐scale revolutionary violence.
21
Q
Who was Jean‐Paul Marat?
A
Editor of the newspaper L’Ami du Peuple.
22
Q
Which body replaced the Legislative Assembly?
A
National Convention
23
Q
Which party was considered the most moderate in the Convention?
A
The Girondins
24
Q
Which party was considered the most radical?
A
The Mountain (Montagnards)
25
Q
After the king’s execution, which committee oversaw food distribution, war conduct, and rooting out counter-revolutionaries?
A
Committee of Public Safety (CPS)
26
Who became the guiding spirit of the Terror and effective head of government?
Maximilien Robespierre
27
What was Robespierre’s program for educating citizens by force if necessary?
Republic of Virtue
28
What name was given to the Revolution’s most violent stage?
The Terror
29
What campaign banned public worship hoping to replace the Church?
De-Christianization
30
What cult did Robespierre establish to replace that campaign?
| de-Christianization campaign
Cult of the Supreme Being
31
With Robespierre’s fall, which reaction set in?
Thermidorian Reaction
32
Which more moderate government followed?
| (After Robespierre’s fall in the Thermidorian Reaction)
The Directory
33
Napoleon launched a coup in 1799 and proclaimed himself what?
First Consul
34
In 1801, Napoleon recognized Catholicism as France’s religion by signing what?
Concordat
35
What is Napoleon’s codification of laws called?
Code Napoléon
36
Which 1806 decree prohibited trade with Great Britain?
Continental System
37
To which island was Napoleon exiled after abdication?
Elba
38
What name is given to Napoleon’s 1815 return and brief rule?
The Hundred Days
39
Where was Napoleon finally defeated?
Waterloo
40
Where did Napoleon die in exile?
St. Helena
41
What are the 'dual revolutions'?
French Revolution: political changes in Europe; Industrial Revolution: economic changes in Great Britain
42
Napoleon’s final defeat led to what gathering of European leaders?
Congress of Vienna
43
What diplomatic order did that Congress inaugurate, based on what rather than divine right?
Treaty System
44
Because it restored traditional rulers, what is this period sometimes called?
| (Refers to the time after Napoleon’s defeat)
The Restoration
45
Which invention appeared first in Britain’s textile industries?
Flying Shuttle
46
What laissez-faire policy prevented obstacles to investment and entrepreneurship?
Laissez-faire
47
Richard Arkwright improved the spinning jenny with what?
Water Frame
48
James Watt improved Newcomen’s machine into what?
Steam Engine
49
Henry Bessemer’s 1856 process produced what?
High-grade Steel
50
What development rapidly improved transportation of goods, passengers, and raw materials?
Railroads
51
What new socio-economic class emerged from industrialization?
Working Class
52
What 1833 law outlawed child labor under age 9 and limited hours for ages 9–13?
Factory Act of 1833
53
Which rioters destroyed machines and mills in protest?
Luddites
54
What 1819 incident saw cavalry kill protesters at a public meeting?
Peterloo Massacre
55
What law prohibited the employment of women and girls underground (but not boys)?
Mines Act of 1842
56
Which 'ism' responded to perceived failed liberalism?
Socialism
57
Owen, Simon, and Fourier founded which socialist movement?
Utopian Socialists
58
In 1800, Robert Owen turned what town into a model factory community?
New Lanark
59
In 1820, he founded what American worker community?
| (Robert Owen)
New Harmony
60
Owen’s lasting contribution was what union?
Grand National Consolidated Trade Union
61
Which French Utopian believed work should be controlled by the doers?
Henri de Saint-Simon
62
Who urged rotating jobs in communal garden-city experiments?
Charles Fourier
63
Who first coined 'communist' in a novel about a communal experiment?
Étienne Cabet
64
Who wrote The Conditions of the Working Class in England?
Friedrich Engels
65
Who wrote Das Kapital, attacking capitalism?
Karl Marx
66
What did Marx call the bourgeoisie–workers opposition?
Class Conflict
67
What revolution did Marx predict would end private property?
Proletariat Revolution
68
What 19th-century charter did working-class associations demand?
People’s Charter
69
Which philosopher underpinned Marx’s historical theory?
G. W. F. Hegel
70
What term did Hegel use for the clash of ideas?
Dialectic
71
What did Marx call religion?
Opiate of the Masses
72
Early liberals who trusted market self-regulation were known as what?
Laissez-faire liberals
73
What movement sought laws benefiting humanity rather than pure markets?
Utilitarians
74
Who was the first true liberal, believing humans shaped by experience?
John Locke
75
Which economist first studied supply and demand laws?
Adam Smith
76
Who argued population grows geometrically versus food arithmetically?
Thomas Malthus
77
Who formulated the 'iron law of wages'?
David Ricardo
78
Which protesters acted 1811–17, destroying machines and mills?
Luddites
79
Who wrote The Principles of Morals and Legislation?
Jeremy Bentham
80
Which thinker called for taxes on aristocracy, universal suffrage, and government intervention?
John Stuart Mill
81
Who established modern geology in The Principles of Geology?
Charles Lyell
82
Who argued Earth’s vast age in Theory of the Earth?
James Hutton
83
Who proposed early evolution in Zoological Philosophy?
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
84
Who served as botanist on the HMS Beagle?
Charles Darwin
85
What was Darwin’s mechanism of evolution?
Natural Selection
86
Which book argued humans evolved from apes?
The Descent of Man
87
Which ideology lobbied for racist, sexist, and nationalistic policies using 'survival of the fittest'?
Social Darwinism
88
Who championed Social Darwinism in society?
Herbert Spencer
89
Who defended imperialism in The White Man’s Burden?
Rudyard Kipling
90
Who first applied natural selection ideas to humanity?
Social Darwinists
91
Which Augustinian monk asked how traits pass to offspring?
Gregor Mendel
92
What units carry genetic inheritance?
Genes
93
Who wrote The White Man’s Burden?
Rudyard Kipling
94
Nationalism was especially problematic in which empire?
Austrian Empire
95
Which newly unified state in 1871 upset Europe’s balance of power?
Germany
96
What customs union unified German states?
Zollverein
97
Who argued each people has its own cultural genius?
Johann Gottfried von Herder
98
What term describes a people’s unique spirit?
Volksgeist
99
Who founded positivist sociology?
Auguste Comte
100
Who wrote The Subjection of Women after suffrage failures?
John Stuart Mill
101
The New Imperialism brought direct rule to which regions?
Africa, Asia, and India
102
Who architected German unity and chaired the Berlin Conferences?
Otto von Bismarck
103
Which British statesman urged empire or insignificance?
Benjamin Disraeli
104
Which Social Darwinist founded Rhodesia?
Cecil Rhodes
105
Which Hindu leader advocated violent rebellion against the British?
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
| BG Tilak
106
In 1906, which two groups formed a power-sharing movement in India?
Indian National Congress & Muslim League
107
Gandhi concluded that non-violent resistance must be called what?
Ahimsa
108
Gandhi’s method of passive resistance was called?
Satyagraha
109
Which monarch cut off the hands of workers for not meeting quotas?
King Leopold
110
Which U.S. naval officer forced Japan open?
Commodore Matthew Perry
111
Who helped overthrow Japan’s Tokugawa Shogunate?
Sakamoto Ryōma
112
The end of Shogunate rule and restoration of the emperor is called what?
Meiji Restoration
113
The Opium Wars led to which treaty and tariff control?
Opium Wars
114
Which 1905–06 war saw Japan defeat a European power?
Russo-Japanese War
115
Which Chinese rebellion asserted ritual boxing would stop bullets?
Boxers
116
Which leader overthrew the Qing and founded the Chinese republic?
Sun Yat-Sen
117
What term describes 19th-century acceleration of life, mass politics, and social disorder?
Modernity
118
What term describes the 19th-century artistic movement?
Modernism
119
In which Tolstoy novella does pre-modern spirituality confront modernity?
The Death of Ivan Ilych
120
What theme does Tolstoy see as how we deal with mortality?
Death
121
Tolstoy’s story comments on what Enlightenment ideal?
Age of Reason
122
Tolstoy argues work and acquisition wasted life on what sphere?
Public sphere
123
The 19th century rejected belief in enduring social laws based on rational principles—what is that belief?
Positivism
124
Who first argued the world is driven by will or idea?
Schopenhauer
125
Who made the strongest case for the primacy of will?
Nietzsche
126
What term did Nietzsche use for his ideal superior individual?
Übermensch ('Superman')
127
What famous phrase did Nietzsche use to declare religion’s decline?
'God Is Dead'
128
What morality did Nietzsche see as 'slave' morality?
Slave morality
129
What did Nietzsche call the herd-like mentality of the masses?
Herd mentality
130
What did Nietzsche describe life as driven by?
Irrational forces
131
Nietzsche’s credo 'Dare to become what you are' exemplifies what philosophy?
Existentialism
132
The First World War was called what by those who experienced it?
The Great War
133
What secret 1915 demands did Japan present to China?
Twenty-One Demands
134
Which dynasty was overthrown in Russia due to wartime stress?
Romanov Dynasty
135
Which government replaced the tsar in 1917?
Provisional Government
136
Which British passenger ship’s sinking in 1915 killed 124 Americans?
Lusitania
137
Which 1917 telegram promised Mexican territory in exchange for an alliance?
Zimmerman Telegram
138
Which U.S. propaganda agency was formed in 1917?
Committee on Public Information
139
Which 1918 statement laid out principles for post-war peace?
Fourteen Points
140
Which series of treaties redrew Europe after WWI?
Peace of Paris
141
Which Versailles clause placed war guilt on Germany?
Article 231
142
Who was the first U.S. president to visit China?
Richard Nixon
143
Which 1973 treaty established a Vietnam cease-fire?
Paris Peace Treaty
144
Which group seized power in Cambodia in 1975?
Khmer Rouge
145
Which Cambodian leader presided over mass deaths?
Pol Pot
146
Which country did the Soviet Union invade in 1979?
Afghanistan
147
What space-based shield did Reagan propose?
Strategic Defense Initiative
148
Which 1972 treaty limited antiballistic missiles?
ABM Treaty
149
Who became Soviet leader in 1985?
Mikhail Gorbachev
150
What reform plan did Gorbachev introduce?
Perestroika
151
What policy of openness did Gorbachev introduce?
Glasnost
152
Which 1986 disaster underscored the need for openness?
Chernobyl
153
Which 1987 treaty eliminated medium-range missiles?
INF Treaty
154
Which doctrine did Gorbachev renounce in 1989, pledging non-intervention?
Brezhnev Doctrine
155
Whose 1990 resignation helped end the USSR?
Boris Yeltsin
156
Who was kidnapped during the August 1991 coup attempt?
Mikhail Gorbachev
157
Which country ceased to exist on December 25, 1991?
Soviet Union
158
Who became Russia’s first post-Soviet president?
Boris Yeltsin
159
Who replaced President Kennedy in a constitutionally arranged succession?
Lyndon B. Johnson
160
What was the radical political movement of the 1960s–70s, mostly comprised of college students?
The New Left
161
What radical ism expressed the desire for solidarity and strength among Muslims in 1995?
Islamism
162
During whose reign did Islamist influences begin to spread in Iran?
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
163
Who led the Islamist movement that captured power in Iran after the Shah fled?
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
164
Which U.S. president won the 1980 election and used strong rhetoric about the hostage crisis?
Ronald Reagan
165
What does the term 'Al-Qaeda' mean?
'The base' or 'the database'
166
Who is the leader of Al-Qaeda?
Osama bin Laden
167
What radical group emerged from the Afghan–Soviet war and provided training grounds for Al-Qaeda?
The Taliban
168
What 1968 Czechoslovak movement led by Alexander Dubček pledged reforms and democratization?
Prague Spring
169
On June 8, 1969, which U.S. president announced his 'Vietnamization' plan?
Richard Nixon
170
On November 17, 1969, what talks began in Helsinki to limit weapons of mass destruction?
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
171
Seeking to apply his moral authority to peace in the Middle East, President Carter depended on the courage of which Egyptian president?
Anwar Sadat
172
Initial Camp David discussions faltered between Sadat and which Israeli leader?
Menachem Begin
173
In which accord did Egypt recognize Israel and Israel agree to withdraw from the Sinai Peninsula?
Camp David Accords
174
Which country did Carter step up aid to, despite its military dictatorship?
Pakistan
175
Who is regarded as the founder of Zionism?
Theodor Herzl
176
With which 1917 document did the British commit themselves to support a Jewish homeland?
Balfour Declaration
177
Which organization was left to divide Palestine after the British withdrew in 1947?
United Nations
178
What 1967 conflict saw Israel seize territory twice its original size?
Six-Day War
179
Which Jewish holiday saw the October 1973 Egyptian and Syrian attack on Israel?
Yom Kippur
180
The assassination of which heir to the Austrian throne led to WWI?
Francis Ferdinand
## Footnote
The assassination occurred on June 28, 1914.
181
Austrian investigators linked the assassination of the Austrian heir to which terrorist group?
Black Hand
## Footnote
The Black Hand was a secret military society formed in 1911.
182
Which Serbian nationalist assassinated Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo?
Gavrilo Princip
## Footnote
Princip was a member of the Black Hand.
183
Whose plan was Germany’s strategy for a short war, involving neutralizing France?
Alfred von Schlieffen (Schlieffen Plan)
## Footnote
The Schlieffen Plan aimed for a quick victory over France before turning to Russia.
184
Which Russian Tsar ordered the mobilization of the Russian army at the start of WWI?
Nicholas II
## Footnote
His order was a response to the growing tensions with Austria-Hungary.
185
The Schlieffen Plan called for German troops to pass through which neutral country to attack France?
Belgium
## Footnote
This violation of Belgian neutrality prompted British involvement in the war.
186
At which river did British and French forces halt the initial German advance in 1914, leading to trench warfare?
Marne River
## Footnote
The First Battle of the Marne took place in September 1914.
187
What term describes the extensive system of trenches on the battle-front stretching from the North Sea to Switzerland?
Western Front
## Footnote
The Western Front was characterized by brutal trench warfare.
188
What was the WWI alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia known as?
Allies
## Footnote
This alliance was formed to counter the Central Powers.
189
What was the WWI alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire known as?
Central Powers
## Footnote
The Central Powers opposed the Allies during the war.
190
The process of demilitarization and economic recovery was complicated by this outbreak, the worst pandemic in history.
Spanish Flu (Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919)
## Footnote
The Spanish Flu had a significant impact on global health and economies, complicating post-World War I recovery efforts.
191
By 1933 unemployment in industrial societies reached thirty million. This period was called ________.
the Great Depression
## Footnote
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted throughout the 1930s.
192
The failure of this form of capitalism showed it wasn’t the self-correcting system that operated best when left to its own devices.
Laissez-faire capitalism
## Footnote
Laissez-faire capitalism advocates minimal government intervention in the economy.
193
The distrust of democracy in Italy and Germany led to the rise of charismatic leaders who embraced this political philosophy.
Fascism
## Footnote
Fascism is characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
194
In 1917 communism ruled in what had been Russia—now the USSR. By the 1930s, this man had edged communism in a new direction.
Joseph Stalin
## Footnote
Stalin implemented policies that transformed the Soviet Union into a major world power, often through harsh and repressive means.
195
This political philosophy emerged with the dictatorship of Mussolini in Italy.
Fascism
## Footnote
Mussolini's regime was marked by authoritarianism and nationalism.
196
This form of fascism emerged with the dictatorship of Hitler in 1933.
Nazism (National Socialism)
## Footnote
Nazism includes beliefs centered on German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and a totalitarian state.
197
Lenin was the first to promise and to carry out this form of conflict.
Class warfare
## Footnote
Class warfare involves the struggle between different classes in society, particularly between the working class and the ruling class.
198
Collectivization was enforced most ruthlessly against this group.
Kulaks
## Footnote
Kulaks were wealthier peasants in the Soviet Union who were opposed to collectivization.
199
Lenin’s economic policy was called ________.
the New Economic Policy (NEP)
## Footnote
The NEP was introduced to stabilize the economy after the Russian Civil War by allowing some private enterprise.
200
Stalin’s ambitious plan for rapid economic development was known as the ________.
First Five-Year Plan
## Footnote
The First Five-Year Plan aimed at rapid industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
201
This ideology invoked the primacy of the state and demanded the subordination of the individual to its interests.
Fascism
## Footnote
Fascism emphasizes the power of the state over individual rights.
202
Fascist movements emphasized a belligerent form of nationalism called ________.
Chauvinism
## Footnote
Chauvinism is an exaggerated, aggressive patriotism that often leads to the denigration of other nations.
203
Exaggerated racism and fear of foreign peoples is called ________.
Xenophobia
## Footnote
Xenophobia can manifest in various social and political movements, often leading to discrimination.
204
In 1929 the Vatican signed this agreement, granting sovereignty to the Pope and recognizing Catholicism as Italy’s state religion.
the Lateran Treaty (“Fourth Lateran Treaty,” 1929)
## Footnote
The Lateran Treaty established the Vatican City as an independent sovereign state.
205
This weak young democracy left many Germans doubtful about democratic rule.
the Weimar Republic
## Footnote
The Weimar Republic faced numerous challenges, including economic instability and political extremism.
206
This party first came to prominence in 1923 during the Beer-Hall Putsch.
the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP or Nazi Party)
## Footnote
The Beer-Hall Putsch was an attempted coup by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
207
On 30 June 1934 Hitler’s political opponents were arrested or killed in an event called the ________.
Night of the Long Knives
## Footnote
This purge was aimed at consolidating Hitler's power by eliminating potential rivals.
208
When President von Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler proclaimed this new regime.
the Third Reich
## Footnote
The Third Reich was the period of Nazi rule in Germany from 1933 to 1945.
209
This organization, created under Hermann Goering, ferreted out enemies of the state.
the Gestapo
## Footnote
The Gestapo was the secret police of Nazi Germany, known for its brutal tactics.
210
Lenin’s death led to a power struggle for control of this political party in the Soviet state.
the Communist Party
## Footnote
The power struggle involved key figures like Stalin and Trotsky.
211
The frontrunner in that contest—a close associate of Lenin and organizer of the Red Army—was ________.
Leon Trotsky
## Footnote
Trotsky was a key figure in the Bolshevik Revolution and later became a prominent critic of Stalin.
212
Leon Trotsky’s main challenger for power, who became Secretary-General of the Communist Party in 1922, was who?
Joseph Stalin — He used his position to consolidate power and eventually became the leader of the Soviet Union.
213
The execution of Trotsky triggered these proceedings designed to eliminate rivals and opposition figures.
the Show Trials (Sabotage & Treason Trials)
## Footnote
The Show Trials were a series of political trials held in the Soviet Union in the 1930s.
214
Under Stalin’s constitution, this council was appointed by the Supreme Soviet.
the Council of the People’s Commissars
## Footnote
This council was responsible for government administration in the USSR.
215
In the USSR, the Central Committee’s executive and constitutional authority was the ________.
Politburo
## Footnote
The Politburo was the principal policymaking committee in the Soviet Union.
216
In 1928 Stalin abandoned the NEP and launched this series of economic programs.
the Five-Year Plans
## Footnote
The Five-Year Plans focused on industrialization and collectivization.
217
A brutal revolution overtook Soviet agriculture as these well-to-do peasants came under fire.
Kulaks
## Footnote
Kulaks were targeted during collectivization efforts, leading to widespread famine and suffering.
218
This forced seizure and consolidation of agriculture caused famine in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.
Collectivization
## Footnote
Collectivization was a policy aimed at consolidating individual landholdings into collective farms.
219
The creative expression that rejected 19th-century ideals and standards is called _____
Modernism
220
These “wild beasts” of early 20th-century painting abandoned soft Impressionist tones for vivid blues, reds, and oranges.
The Fauves
221
The Fauvist movement was led by this French painter.
Henri Matisse
222
French artist who used rectangular daubs of paint and acted as a bridge between Impressionism and Cubism.
Paul Cézanne
223
Spanish painter who developed Cubism.
Pablo Picasso
224
Modern style of radical angles, planes, and surfaces that rendered the subject almost unrecognizable.
Cubism
225
Picasso’s post-war period that reacted to the violence of World War I.
Neo-Classical Period
226
Group of artists who produced deliberately shocking work to show people how hideous contemporary life really was.
Anarchists
227
Picasso painting portraying Parisian prostitution and masked figures influenced by African art.
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
228
Picasso’s 1937 masterpiece depicting the bombing of a Spanish town during the civil war.
Guernica
229
Artist who explored the “inner world” and produced totally non-representational compositions.
Wassily Kandinsky
230
Name of the movement credited with creating the first fully abstract art.
Abstract Expressionism
231
Decorative style adapted from Asian design principles, meant to soften factory life with natural motifs.
Art Nouveau
232
The only modern artistic style of its day that achieved real commercial success.
Art Nouveau
233
American dancer who pioneered “primitive” barefoot modern dance.
Isadora Duncan
234
Composer who took modernism to Russian ballet with The Rite of Spring (1913).
Igor Stravinsky
235
French composer who wove Far-Eastern harmonies into impressionistic music.
Claude Debussy
236
Austrian composer who devised the twelve-tone scale and proposed eliminating traditional tonality.
Arnold Schoenberg
237
Legislation that gave Hitler four years of dictatorial power by suspending Germany’s constitution.
Enabling Act
238
Demilitarized zone Germany re-occupied in March 1936 in violation of Versailles.
Rhineland
239
Term for Germany’s 1938 annexation of Austria.
Anschluss
240
1938 accord between Hitler, Mussolini, Daladier, and Chamberlain aimed at “peace in our time.”
Munich Pact
241
Which territory did a the munic pact allow Germany to annex from Czechoslovakia?
Sudetenland
242
Nation Hitler occupied completely six months after the Munich Pact.
Czechoslovakia
243
1939 alliance binding Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.
Pact of Steel
244
1939 German-Soviet agreement pledging neutrality if either power was attacked.
Nazi-Soviet (Molotov–Ribbentrop) Pact
245
Country whose invasion on 1 September 1939 triggered Britain and France to declare war.
Poland
246
German “lightning-war” tactic that combined fast armor, mechanized infantry, and air power.
Blitzkrieg
247
French defensive fortification line believed to ensure security against Germany.
Maginot Line
248
Leader of the Free French and symbol of French resistance.
Charles de Gaulle
249
Collaborationist regime established in southern France after the 1940 armistice.
Vichy Government
250
1940 air campaign in which the Luftwaffe tried and failed to break British resistance.
Battle of Britain
251
What British early-warning technology played a critical role in detecting German air raids during WWII?
Radar
252
Night of state-sanctioned anti-Jewish riots and destruction in November 1938.
Kristallnacht
253
Mobile killing units sent into the USSR in 1941 to execute Jews, Roma, and Slavs.
Einsatzgruppen (Action Squads)
254
January 1942 conference where Nazi officials coordinated the “Final Solution.”
Wannsee Conference
255
Pope who signed a 1933 concordat with Hitler and later issued thousands of visas to fleeing Jews.
Pope Pius XII
256
International military trials held from 1945-46 to prosecute leading Nazi war criminals.
Nuremberg Trials
257
At which 1945 conference was Germany’s four-zone occupation and Soviet reparations agreed?
Yalta Conference
258
Which 1945 meeting, attended by the new U.S. President Harry Truman, finalized early post-war arrangements?
Potsdam Conference
259
The bloodiest U.S.–Japanese battle of 1945 was fought on what island?
Iwo Jima
260
Who was the supreme Allied commander in the Pacific theatre?
General Douglas MacArthur
261
What name was given to Japan’s World-War-II suicide pilots?
Kamikaze
262
The two cities destroyed by atomic bombs on 6 and 9 August 1945 were ______.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
263
The decades-long nuclear and ideological standoff between the USA and USSR is called the ______.
Cold War
264
Stalin wanted a post-war eastern-European “______ zone” loyal to Moscow.
Buffer
265
Truman’s pledge of aid to states resisting communism became known as the ______.
Truman Doctrine
266
The huge U.S. programme to rebuild Western Europe’s economy was the ______.
Marshall Plan
267
Churchill warned that an “______ Curtain” had descended across Europe.
Iron
268
The 1948-49 Western air-supply operation to West Berlin is remembered as the ______.
Berlin Airlift (Operation Vittles)
269
The 1949 trans-Atlantic defence alliance is abbreviated as ______.
NATO
270
The Eastern-bloc military alliance formed in 1955 was the ______.
Warsaw Pact
271
Moscow’s economic answer to the Marshall Plan was ______.
COMECON
272
Mao and Stalin sealed their 1949 alliance in the ______ Treaty.
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance
273
Vietnam’s anti-French nationalist coalition was the ______.
Viet Minh
274
Which leader forced French withdrawal after Dien Bien Phu?
Ho Chi Minh
275
The decisive 1954 French defeat occurred at ______.
Dien Bien Phu
276
Washington’s 1954 anti-communist alliance for Southeast Asia was called ______.
SEATO
277
John Foster Dulles warned Moscow of “all-out” nuclear response in his doctrine of ______.
Massive Retaliation
278
In 1956, who condemned Stalin’s 'cult of personality' in a secret speech?
Nikita Khrushchev
279
The first artificial Earth satellite (1957) was ______.
Sputnik
280
The U.S. space agency founded in 1958 is ______.
NASA
281
U-2 pilot shot down over the USSR in 1960: ______.
Francis Gary Powers
282
Khrushchev quit the 1960 ______ Summit after the U-2 scandal.
Paris
283
The failed 1961 anti-Castro landing is known as the ______ invasion.
Bay of Pigs
284
Concrete barrier erected in 1961 to stop emigration from the GDR: the ______.
Berlin Wall
285
Soviet missiles shipped to Cuba in 1962 were ______-range weapons.
Medium
286
Cold-War nuclear stalemate doctrine: ______ (initials).
MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction
287
As part of the 1962 settlement the USA removed Jupiter missiles from ______.
Turkey
288
The 1963 Limited ______ Treaty banned atmospheric and under-water nuclear tests.
Test-Ban
289
Crisis communications link created in 1963: the ______.
Hotline
290
1964 congressional measure that authorised open U.S. involvement in Vietnam: ______.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
291
The communist guerrillas fighting in South Vietnam were the ______.
Viet Cong
292
The 1968 village massacre that shocked the U.S. public was the ______.
My Lai Massacre
293
Czechoslovakia’s 1968 reformist leader was ______.
Alexander Dubček
294
The brief liberalisation crushed by Warsaw-Pact tanks was the ______ Spring.
Prague
295
U.S. President who launched “Vietnamization”: ______.
Richard Nixon
296
The 1972 U.S.–Soviet agreement limiting strategic missiles was ______ ?
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (SALT I)
297
he 1973 cease-fire agreement that ended direct U.S. combat in Vietnam is commonly called the ______.
Paris Peace Accords — It was signed in January 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end U.S. involvement.
298
Communist movement that seized Cambodia in 1975: ______.
Khmer Rouge
299
who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge, known as “Brother Number One”?
Pol Pot — As leader of Cambodia from 1975 to 1979, he orchestrated a brutal regime that led to the deaths of roughly 2 million people.
300
The 1979 Soviet invasion of ______ revived super-power hostility.
Afghanistan
301
Reagan’s proposed space-based defence system (1983) is nicknamed ______.
Star Wars / SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative)
302
Moscow said SDI violated the 1972 ______ Treaty.
| strategic defense initiative
Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
303
Reform-minded Soviet leader who took office in 1985: ______.
Mikhail Gorbachev
304
His programme of economic restructuring was called ______.
Perestroika
305
His policy of greater openness was known as ______.
Glasnost
306
The 1986 nuclear disaster that spurred glasnost was ______.
Chernobyl
307
The 1987 U.S.–Soviet treaty scrapping medium-range missiles was the ______ Treaty.
INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty
308
Doctrine renounced by Gorbachev that had justified Soviet intervention in Eastern Europe: the ______ Doctrine.
Brezhnev
309
Russian reformer whose 1990 resignation from the Politburo signalled rising dissent: ______.
Boris Yeltsin
310
Which super-state formally dissolved on 25 December 1991?
The Soviet Union
311
The 1967 Arab–Israeli conflict that tripled Israel’s territory is called the ______ War.
Six-Day
312
The 1973 Arab surprise attack on Judaism’s holiest day sparked the ______ War.
Yom-Kippur
313
Egyptian president who signed the Camp David Accords: ______.
Anwar Sadat
314
Israeli prime minister who partnered with him at Camp David: ______.
Menachem Begin
315
The 1978-79 Egyptian–Israeli peace framework is known as the ______ Accords.
Camp David
316
Militant Islamist ideology seeking to reorder politics and society by strict Sharia is termed ______.
Islamism
317
Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution was led by ______.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
318
Fifty-two U.S. diplomats were held 444 days during the ______ Crisis (1979-81).
Iran Hostage
319
Trans-national militant group whose Arabic name means 'the base': ______.
al-Qaeda
320
al-Qaeda’s founder and leader until 2011 was ______.
Osama bin Laden
321
Afghan Islamist movement that sheltered al-Qaeda in the 1990s: the ______.
Taliban
322
Palestinian umbrella organisation formed in 1964: ______.
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
323
Long-time PLO chairman (1929-2004): ______.
Yassir Arafat
324
Israeli prime minister assassinated in 1995 after signing Oslo peace accords: ______.
Yitzhak Rabin
325
U.S. ally neighbouring Afghanistan that received increased aid after the 1979 Soviet invasion: ______.
Pakistan
326
U.S.–Soviet accord banning atmospheric nuclear tests is commonly called the ______.
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
