Western Civ. Test 2

Question 1

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Answer 1

Liberalism

Question 2

A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principles that are part of nature and, as such, can be understood by reason.

Answer 2

Natural Equality

Question 3

the concept of giving everyone the same legal rights

Answer 3

Legal Equality

Question 4

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society’s corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it’s improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote “The Social Contract.”

Answer 4

Rousseau

Question 5

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Answer 5

Social Contract

Question 6

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Answer 6

Popular Sovereignty

Question 7

The Political and Social system that existed in France before the French Revolution

Answer 7

Old Regime

Question 8

Monarchs at beginning of French Revolution

Answer 8

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

Question 9

Clergy, 1% of population

Answer 9

First Estate

Question 10

Nobility. Roughly 2% of the population.

Answer 10

Second Estate

Question 11

Commoners, roughly 97% of the population

Answer 11

Third Estate

Question 12

inability of the state to bridge a deficit between its expenditures and its tax revenues. - leads to heavy taxation

Answer 12

Fiscal Crisis

Question 13

France’s traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Answer 13

Estates General

Question 14

uprising in which French commoners attacked a royal armory and prison in Paris; Paris was abandoned to the insurgents and its fall saved the National Assembly; signaled the collapse of royal authority in Paris and became a popular symbol of triumph over despotism; one of many urban and rural uprisings during this period led by the common people.

Answer 14

Bastille (July 14, 1789)

Question 15

The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.

Answer 15

Great Fear

Question 16

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Answer 16

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Question 17

a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. They were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4.

Answer 17

Jacobins

Question 18

An innovation in how people make things - the beginning of the use of machines instead of hand made items.

Answer 18

The Industrial Revolution

Question 19

The beginning of the use of coal for steam power, petroleum, hydro/electric power

Answer 19

New sources of energy

Question 20

1760’s - 1820’s

Answer 20

1st phase of the Industrial Revolution

Question 21

Why did the Industrial Revolution start in England?

Answer 21

Geography, strong maritime traditions, commercial traditions, abundance of natural resources, Laissez-faire government, Baconian scientific tradition, desperate labor pool.