WG SOL Flashcards
(203 cards)
0
Q
3 reasons why the Scientific Revolution was important
A
- Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
- Formulation of the scientific method
- Expansion of scientific knowledge
1
Q
Name 5 pioneers of the Scientific Revolution
A
Copernicus-heliocentric theory Kepler-planetary motion Galileo-used telescope to support heliocentric theory Newton-law of gravity William Harvey-circulation of blood
2
Q
What age takes its name from a series of European monarchs who increased the power of their central governments?
A
Age of Absolutism
3
Q
Name 2 characteristics of absolute monarchies
A
Centralization of power
Concept of rule by divine right
4
Q
Name 2 absolute monarchies
A
Louis XIV of France and
Peter the Great of Russia
5
Q
What was Louis XIV symbol of royal power?
A
Palace of Versailles
6
Q
What is Peter the Great known for?
A
Westernization of Russia
7
Q
Name 5 Enlightenment thinkers and what they are known for
A
Thomas Hobbes- Leviathan(says humans exist in a primitive “state of nature”)
John Locke-Two Treatises on Government (says people are sovereign & consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty and property
Montesquieu-The Spirit of Laws (says the best form of government includes a separation of powers
Rousseau-The Social Contract(says government is a contract between rulers and the people
Voltaire-Said religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state
8
Q
Name two important events of the French Revolution
A
- Storming of the Bastille
2. Reign of Terror
9
Q
Name two causes of the French Revolution
A
- Influence of Enlightenment ideas
2. Influence of the American Revolution
10
Q
Name two outcomes of the French Revolution
A
- End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI
2. Rise of. Napoleon
11
Q
Name 5 people from the Age of Reason who are known for contributions to art, music, philosophy and writing
A
Bach-Baroque composer Mozart-classical composer Voltaire-philosopher Cervantes-novelist (Don Quixote) Delacroix-romantic painter
12
Q
Name 4 characteristics of the colonial system in Latin America
A
- colonial governments mirrored their home governments
- Catholicism had strong influence on development of colonies
- Major element of economy was mining of precious metals for export
- Major cities were established as outposts of colonial authority
13
Q
Name 5 major cities established as outposts of colonial authority
A
Havana, Mexico City, Lima, São Paulo, buenos Aires
14
Q
What countries gained independence (Latin America) during the 1800s?
A
Mexico, Haiti, Columbia, Venezuela, and Brazil
15
Q
What two people are known for contributions toward the development of independent states in Latin America in the 19th century?
A
Toussaint L’Ouverture and Simon Bolivar
16
Q
Name 2 contributions of Toussant L’Ouverature
A
Former slave who led Haitian rebellion against French
Defeated the armies of 3 foreign powers (Spain France and Great Britain)
17
Q
Name 2 contributions of simon Bolivar
A
Native resident who led revolutionary efforts
Liberated the northern areas of Latin America
18
Q
When was the Monroe Doctrine issued and by whom?
A
1823 by US President James Monroe
19
Q
Name two results of the Monroe Doctrine
A
- Latin American nations were acknowledged to be independent
- The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere
20
Q
Who led successful revolts in Bolivia, Panama, Columbia, Ecuador, and Venizuela
A
Simon Bolivar
21
Q
Who led successful revolts in Argentina and Chile
A
Jose de San Martin
22
Q
Who liberated Haiti
A
Toussant L’Ouverature
23
Q
Bismarck coined what word which justifies all means to achieve and hold power
A
Realpolitik
24
Who unified norther Italy?
Count Cavour
25
Who joined southern Italy to northern Italy?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
26
Who were last to join Italy after the unification?
The Papal States including Rome
27
Who led Prussia in the unification of Germany through war and by appealing to nationalist feelings?
Otto Von Bismarck
28
What event led to the creation of the German state?
Franco-Prussian War
29
With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for what?
Raw materials from the Americas, Asia and Africa
30
The Industrial Revolution began in
England
31
Why did the Industrial Revolution originate in England?
Because of their natural resources (coal, iron ore) and the invention of the steam engine
32
The rise of the factory system lead to the demise of what?
Cottage industries
33
Name 4 technological advancements that helped produce the Industrial Revolution.
1. Spinning jenny: James Hargreaves
2. Steam engine: James Watt
3. Cotton gin: Eli Whitney
4. Process for making steel: Henry Bessemer
34
Name two advancements in medicine during the Industrial Revolution.
1. Development of smallpox vaccination : Edward Jenner
| 2. Discovery of bacteria: Louis Pasteur
35
List 8 impacts of the Industrial Revolution
```
. Population increase
. Increased standards of living for many (due to more wealth)
. Improved transportation
. Urbanization
. Environmental pollution
. Increased education
. Growth of middle class
. Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions
```
36
Name two things that fueled the industrial revolution
Capitalism and market competition
37
What emerged as a dominant economic pattern during the industrial revolution?
Capitalism
38
Who wrote Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
39
Who wrote The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital?
Karl Marx
40
Harsh working conditions, child labor, men competing with women and children for wages was typical of what system?
Factory system
41
What invention increased the need for slaves in southern American plantations?
Cotton gin
42
Name three forms of impearialism
Colonies
Protectorates
Spheres of influence
43
Name two responses to imperialism by the colonized peoples.
Armed conflicts
| Rise of nationalism
44
Name one armed conflict that resulted from imperialism. (Hint: in China)
Boxer Rebellion
45
When was the First Indian nationalist party founded?
Mid 1800s
46
Who developed the smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner
47
One way the Industrial Revolution made an impact on industrialized countries of the world was by
Improving transportation
48
Adam Smith, in his work Wealth of Nations, contributed to the development of capitalism by
Defending the idea of free markets
49
Name three reasons for the development of imperialism
Nationalism
Industrial revolution
Religious fervor
50
In 1853, Matthew Perry used naval power to force Japan to
Trade with the US
51
Who is credited with the idea of communism?
Karl Marx
52
According to communism, history is dominated by the struggle between what two groups ?
Bourgeoisie (boozwazi) and the proletariat
53
Name 5 causes for WWI
```
Competition among industrial nations in Europe
Failure of diplomacy
Nationalistic feelings
Imperialism
Militarism
Competition over colonies
```
54
The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was a moan or event that led to
World War I
55
Name two major leaders during WWI
Woodrow Wilson
| Kaiser Wilhelm II
56
List three terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Forced. Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory ( they had to pay reparations)
Limited the German military
League of Nations formed
57
Name four causes for the 1917 Russian Revolutions
Defeat in war with Japan in 1905
Landless peasants
Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II
Military defeats and high casualties in WWI
58
What's the mnemonic for remembering causes of WWI?
```
MANIACS
Militarism
Alliances divided Europe
Nationalistic feelings
Imperialism
Alliances causing diplomatic failures
Competition over colonies
Serbians assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
```
59
What is one thing said to be a cause of the Bolshevik revolt in 1917?
Tsar Nicholas' incompetence
60
What are the dates for WWI ?
1914-1918
61
Who was leader of Germany during WWI?
Wilhelm II
62
What was the "spark" that started the war (WWI)
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
63
Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks before the revolution
Vladimir Lenin
64
The Treaty of Versailles was especially harsh against whom?
Germany
65
Which country joined the Allies in 1917 (later in the war)
The United States
66
What does the term reparations mean?
Money paid for war damages
67
The US president during WWI was
Woodrow Wilson
68
The leader of Russia during WW I was
Tsar Nicholas II
69
What form of government did Russia have before WWI?
Absolute monarchy
70
What did Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) allow for
Allowed capitalism in order to give incentives for food production
71
What is a reason the League of Nations failed
It did not have power to enforce its decisions
72
Name 5 causes for worldwide depression after WWI
```
German reparations
High protective tariffs
Excessive expansion of credit
Expansion of production capacities and the dominance of the US in the global economy
Stock Market Crash of 1929
```
73
What were some impacts of the worldwide depression after WWI?
High unemployment in industrial countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi party's growing importance in Germany
74
Define runaway inflation
As prices rise, the value of the currency declines; soon things become so expensive that people cut back on buying, which leads to companies cutting back, which leads to layoffs of employees
75
Define protective tariffs
When countries place high tariffs on imported goods, other countries retaliate, leading to a "tariff war". As a result, jobs are lost in the import-export business
76
Define overproduction
When companies overproduce, inventory accumulates and production is cut back, leading to layoffs of employees
77
Define rapid rise in stock prices
When stock prices go up rapidly, buying stock increases until many stocks become overvalued and a panic occurs, dropping prices too quickly and wiping out many people's investments
78
List some impacts/results of the worldwide depression of the 1930s
High unemployment in industrialized countries
Bank failures and collapse of credit
Collapse of prices in world trade
Nazi party growing importance in Germany (blame european Jews for economic collapse)
Weakening of democracies struggling to cope with economic losses of homes
Popularity of fascism and its relation to National Socialism
79
What were the Five Year Plans?
Goals were set for heavy industry ( eg: steel industry) to produce quotas that were to be met in five years. Medals and other awards were handed out as incentives to meet such goals
80
What was Collectivization?
Peasants were forced to give up their individual farms and become workers for the state on what were called collective farms
81
What was the Great Purge?
Those who disagreed with Stalin were sent to gulags (soviet prisons) or simply disappeared when the secret police came knocking on their doors at night. Many of these people were convicted, with little or no evidence, of treason against the state
82
What is a police state?
A secret police organization was established to monitor everyone and everything in the USSR
83
Five year plans, collectivization, great purge and police state are associated with whom?
Stalin
84
What were some result of the actions by Stalin (5 yr plans, great purge etc)?
Loss of civil liberties and civil rights (in USSR)
Creation of a totalitarian state
Revolt by farmers and the elimination of several million of them
Fast creation of an industrial state
85
What is one reason for Hiltlers rise to power?
The failure of previous governments to address the countries economic problems
86
What is the meaning of Nazism
(National Socialism) a dictatorship that allows private ownership
87
What did Hitler claim as his excuse for taking over many European countries?
He said he needed to make a homeland for his Third Reich
88
The rise of fascism, the ambition to restore the glory of Rome, and the invasion of Ethiopia are associated with whom?
Italy under Mussolini (dictator)
89
The rise of militarism, industrialization of Japan( which ultimately brought them in conflict with America), invasion of Korea, Manchuria and the rest of China are associated with Japan under which two men?
Hirohito and Hideki Tojo
90
A major result of collectivization in the USSR was to
Eliminate a large number of peasant farmers
91
The League of Nations, established to prevent future wars, failed because
It did not have the power to enforce its decisions
92
Following WWI, the system established to administer colonies of defeated powers was known as the
Mandate System
93
One cause of the worldwide depression following WWI was
High protective tariffs
94
Name three results of the Treaty of Versailles
Payment of reparations by Germany
Reduction in the size of Germany's army
Stripping Germany of its colonies
95
France and Great Britain engaged in a policy of appeasement during the 1930s in hopes of avoiding war with what country and its leader?
Germany and Hitler
96
The worldwide depression of the 1920s and 1930s led, in Germany and Italy, to the rise of what?
Totalitarian dictators
97
Name 3 reasons for the worldwide depression
Quotas and high protective tariffs
The expansion of credit
The Stock Market Crash of 1929
98
The Fourteen Points adopted into the Treaty of Versailles was drawn up by whom?
Woodrow Wilson US President
99
Which nations administered territorial mandates in the Middle East under the League of Nations?
France and Great Britain
100
Name 6 economic and political causes for WWII
1. Nationalism
2. Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
3. Weakness of the League of Nations
4. Appeasement
5. Aggression by totalitarian powers of Germany, Italy and Japan
6. Tendencies toward isolationism and pacifism in Europe and US
101
Name 7 major events of WWII
1. German invasion of Poland
2. Fall of France
3. Battle of Britain
4. German invasion of Soviet Union
5. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
6. D-Day (Allied invasion of Europe)
7. Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
102
Who was US President during WWII?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
103
Who became US President after Roosevelt's death?
Harry Truman
104
Who was the Allied commander in Europe?
Dwight D. Eisenhower
105
Name two US generals during WWII
Douglas MacArthur and George C. Marshall
106
Who was British Prime minister during WWII?
Winston Churchill
107
Who was the Soviet dictator during WWII?
Joseph Stalin
108
Who was the Nazi dictator in Germany during WWII?
Adolfo Hitler
109
Who was Emperor of Japan during WWII?
Hirohito
110
Who was Japan's general under Hirohito during WWII?
Hideki Tojo
111
Define genocide
Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious or cultural groups
112
What are some elements that led to the Holocaust ?
Totalitarianism combined with nationalism
History of anti-Semitism
Defeat in WWI and economic depression blamed on German Jews
Hitlers belief in the Master race
Hitlers Final Solution: extermination camps,gas chambers
113
Name some other example of genocide throughout the 20th century besides the Holocaust
Armenians by leaders of the Ottoman Empire
Peasants and government leaders and members of the elite in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin
Tutsi minority by the Hutu in Rwanda
The educated, artists, technicians, former govt officials, monks, and minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia
114
Name some outcomes of WWII
```
. Loss of empires by European powers
. War crimes trials
. Division of Europe (the Iron Curtain)
. Establishment of two major world powers : US and USSR
. Establishment of the United Nations
. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
. Formation of NATO
```
115
Name three international cooperative organizations created after WWII
United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Warsaw Pact
116
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights did what?
Established and adopted by members of the United Nations, it provided a code of conduct for the treatment. Of people under the protection of their government
117
The Cold War was a philosophical war between
The US and the Soviet Union
118
One outcome of the Yalta Conference was
The division of Germany into four sectors controlled by Great Britain, France, The Soviet Union and the United States
119
The destruction of the Berlin Wall, the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Soviet economic collapse were all results of
The collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
120
Truman's policy of preventing the expansion of communism was called
Containment
121
Vietnam, divided during the Cold War, became a controversial conflict for the United States. Currently, Vietnam is
A country that has been reunited under a communist government
122
Which parallel marked the internationally recognized divide between North and South. Korea both before and after the Korean War?
38th
123
TheCold War ended between 1989 and 1991 with the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the fall of
The Soviet Union
124
What multi-national military pact did the Soviet Union organize to counter NATO?
The Warsaw Pact
125
During the Cold War the greatest deterrence to a nuclear war between the US and USSR was
The threat that both nations would destroy one another if a nuclear war were to occur
126
The Marshall plan, the Iron Curtain, and the Berlin Airlift are events associated with
The Cold War
127
What was one cause of World War II ?
Failures of the Treaty of Versailles
128
Who was the Soviet dictator during WWII?
Joseph Stalin
129
Which organization was a model for the current United Nations?
The League of Nations
130
Mobilization of the American economy and armed forces explains whose victory in WWII?
The Allied victory in WWII
131
The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, religious, political, or cultural group is called
Genocide
132
What country was NOT an Allied Power during WWII: Great Britain, France, Germany or Russia?
Germany
133
Which country was NOT an Axis Power during WWII: Germany, Japan, Italy or Great Britain?
Great Britain
134
In 1994, Rwanda experienced a biter civil war between what two tribes?
Tutsi and Hutu
135
The Congress of Vienna restored what?
European monarchies
136
The unification of southern Italy was accomplished by
Giuseppe Garibaldi
137
The Franco-Prussian was led to what?
The creation of a German state
138
What was the significance of the Code of Napoleon?
It established a series of rights and laws that did not rely on earlier customs
139
Attempting to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleonic conquests, the Congress of Vienna left a legacy of two new political philosophies, What were they?
Liberalism and conservatism
140
Otto Von Bismarck coined this term to describe his political philosophy of "doing what works instead of what would be ideal".
Realpolitik
141
Name three things the Congress of Vienna tried to accomplish
1. Compensation for damages
2. Restoring legitimate monarchs
3. Restoring balance of power
142
What leader of the Congress of Vienna opposed the formation of a unified Italian state?
Clemens Von Metternich
143
The "red shirts" under Garibaldi defeated opponents using guerrilla warfare, a military style best described as
Small groups striking enemies unexpectedly
144
Who led a successful revolution in Haiti to free Haitians from French rule?
Toussaint L'Ouverature
145
Who led a successful revolution in the northern area of South America, eventually having a country named after him?
Simon Bolivar
146
Viceroys were
Colonial officials
147
Which nation claimed the region extending from Mexico through South America?
Spain (think Cortes)
148
The European colonies in the Americas imitated what from their parent countries?
Cultures and social patterns
149
Th US issued the Monroe Doctrine because
There was a conflict over who would control Latin America
150
Revolutions in Latin America were influenced by what?
The French Revolution
151
Who started the Mexican independence movement?
Father Miguel Hidalgo
152
John Locke is closely associated with which belief?
A government should be a contract made by the people
153
Johannes Kepler is known as a pioneer of the Scientific Revolution for his
Discovery of planetary motion
154
Peter the great was monarch of
Russia
155
The principle that government derives power from the consent of the governed is represented through
Democracy
156
The development of the rights of Englishmen included the establishment of
Common law
157
The Enlightenment thinker who wrote The Social Contract was
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
158
The first reigning monarch to face a public trial and execution was
Charles I
159
The separation of powers found I the US Constitution comes from the writings of which Enlightenment thinker?
Montesquieu
160
The reign of what monarch gave England its first constitutional monarchy?
Mary II
161
Which regional setting for Indian Independence was formerly called Ceylon?
Sri Lanka
162
From the birth of Israel in 1948 to the end of the twentieth century, Israelis and Palestinians have struggled to resolve numerous issues. Name three of those issues
Water rights
Sovereignty of Jerusalem
The plight of the Palestinian refugees
163
Which country did NOT gain independence from Great Britain: Kenya, Algeria, Egypt or Israel?
Algeria
164
Which country was a French Mandate in the Middle East : Iraq, Syria, Libya or Turkey?
Syria
165
What method did Mohandas Gandhi advocate for Indians to use to gain independence fromGreat Britain?
Civil disobedience
166
India was a colony of?
Great Britain
167
The leader of the Indian independence movement was
Mohandas Gandhi
168
In 1947 when India won its independence, Muslims were given what?
East and West Pakistan
169
The time period in Japan when the emperor regained his power was called the
Meiji Restoration
170
Name three events that occurred in Africa due to imperialism
1. Africans lost their land
2. Africans were forced to work the land for low wages
3. Africans were forced to dress and act like Europeans
171
Name one of the deadliest terrorist attacks on the United States and when it happened
Destruction of the two World Trade Center towers in NYC on Sept 11,2001 (2750 died, more than 6000 injured)
172
What occurred during the summer Olympics in West Germany in 1972?
Terrorist attacks referred to as the Munich massacre (17 died)
173
Who was responsible for the 9-11 attacks on the WTC?
Al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden
174
What terrorist attack occurred in the US on April 19, 1995
Oklahoma City federal building bombing
175
What does WTO stand for?
World trade organization
176
What does IMF stand for?
International Monetary Fund
177
Name three totalitarian powers at the start of WWII
Italy (Mussolini), Germany (Hitler), Japan (Hirohito)
178
What are the dates for the beginning and end of Cold War
1948-1989
179
Who was the Cold War between?
US and USSR
180
What was the policy for preventing the spread of communism?
Containment
181
Name two armed conflicts that the Cold War led to
Korea and Vietnam
182
Who was Margaret Thatcher?
British Prime Minister
Had close relationship with US and US foreign policy
Pro free trade and less government regulation of businesses
Asserted United Kingdoms military power
183
Who is known for being the last president of the Soviet Union, was president at the Fall of the Berlin Wall and is associated with Glasnost and perestroika
Mikhail Gorbachev
184
What is Deng Xiaoping known for
Reformed communist China' s economy to a market economy leading to rapid economic growth
Continued communist control of government
185
Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?
A close associate of Gandhi
| Supported western-style industrialization
186
What did the 1950 Constitution seek to accomplish?
Prohibit caste discrimination
187
What did the charter of the United Nations guarantee?
Colonial populations the right to self-determination
188
Who was a leader of independence movement of Kenya?
Jomo Kenyatta
189
Who led independence movement in South Africa?
Nelson Mandela
190
What were the two French Mandates?
Syria and Lebanon
191
What were the two British Manadates in the Middle East
Jordan (originally Transjordan) and Palestine (a part became independent as The State of Israel)
192
Who was Golda Meir ?
Prime minister of Israel
After initial setbacks, led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War
Sought support from United States
193
Who was Gamal Abdul Nasser?
President of Egypt
Nationalized the Suez Canal
Established a relationship with the Soviet Union
194
What was the Congress Party?
A group of Hindu Indians who lobbied for Indian control of India
195
What was the Muslim League?
A group of Muslim Indians who lobbied for greater Muslim control in India
196
Hindu-Muslim tensions in India were between what two groups?
The Congress Party (Hindu) and the Muslim League (Muslims)
197
Name some impacts that economic development and rapid population growth are having on the environment
Pollution
Loss of habitats
Global climate change
198
What impact does economic development and rapid population growth have on society?
```
Poverty
Poor health
Illiteracy
Famine
Migration
```
199
What is terrorism?
The use of violence or threats to intimidate and coerce for political reasons
200
What is a major cause for terrorism?
Religious extremism
201
Name three common forms of terrorism
Car bombings
Suicide bombings
Airline hijackings
202
Name 4 governmental responses to terrorism
Surveillance
Review of privacy rights
Security screenings at ports and airports
Identification badges and photos
