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Bacteriology > Wh'Odilia? YOUdilia WHIINNNEEYYBURG > Flashcards

Wh'Odilia? YOUdilia WHIINNNEEYYBURG Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Bacterial adherence is mediated by: (4)

A

pili, fimbrae, afimbrial adhesins, polysaccharide capsules

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2
Q

T/F: Antigenic variation in the surface structures of a pathogen is a form of immune evasion

A

TRUE: Allows pathogen to evade current specific immune responses by changing antigen being detected

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3
Q

T/F: Bacterial colonization of host mucosal surfaces by Shigella involves attachment and invasion

A

TRUE: contacts host surface and induces membrane ruffling –> internalization

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4
Q

T/F: NK cells are innate cells that engulf bacteria and kill them through release of granules containing perforin, granzymes and granulysin

A

FALSE: NK cells detect changes on cell surface of infected cells and kill infected host cells, not bacteria DIRECTLY

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5
Q

Phagocytosis:

A

Enhanced by opsonization

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6
Q

T/F: APC activate T and B lymphocytes

A

FALSE: APCs present antigens as peptides in MHC molecules recognised by T lymphocytes using T Cell receptors
CDF lymphocytes produce cytokines that help B to produce antibodies
B do not have a receptor that recognises MHC/peptide complexes presented on surface of APC and use antibody to recognise antigen

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7
Q

CD4 helper T cells

A

Provide help to B cells through CD40-CD40L interactions
Recognise MHC II
Mature into Th1 in lymphoid tissue
Do not express innate immune receptors

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8
Q

T/F: Antibodies are proteins that have multiple functions (3)

A

TRUE:

  1. Bind antigens through Fab fraction
  2. Bind complement using Fc fraction
  3. Bind to FcR through Fc fraction
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9
Q

CD4 helper 2 cells characterised by ability to produce:

A

IL4 and IL5

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10
Q

Leukocytes:

A

Stem cell:

  1. Common myeloid progenitor
    a) Auxiliary cells: megakarocyte –> platelets, mast cell, basophil
    b) Phagocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte –>macrophage
    c) dendritic cell
  2. Common lymphoid progenitor:
    a) NK cell
    b) B cell –> Memory B, plasma
    c) T cell –> effector T, Cytotoxic T, Memory T
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11
Q

PAMPS

A

Unique to microbes but shared within discrete taxonomic groups e.g. LPS
Recognised by special receptors of innate immune cells

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12
Q

TLR:

A 
1&2, 2&6: surface lipoprotein
3: ds RNA
4: LPS
5: flagellin
7/8: ssRNA
9: CpG DNA
11: uropathogenic bacteria
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13
Q

NOD like receptors

A

Recognise peptidoglycan

Sensors of PAMPs and DAMPs

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14
Q

RIG like helicases

A

important in antiviral immunity

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15
Q

Collectins

A

proteins that bind carbohydrates

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16
Q

DAMPs

A

Can initiate and perpetuate immune response in noninfectious inflammatory response

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17
Q

Complement: (4)

A
  1. Opsonize
  2. mediate inflammatory responses
  3. activate B cell responses
  4. Kill through complement membrane attack
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18
Q

Cytokines: (2)

A
  1. Orchestrate immune responses

2. activate cells of adaptive immune system

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19
Q

Inflammasomes

A

Multiprotein oligomer: caspase 1, PYCARD, NALP and sometimes caspase 5(11)
Expressed in myeloid cells
Innate immune system
PROMOTES MATURATION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IL1B, 1L-18
Shown to induce cell pyroptosis (programmed cell death associated with antimicrobial responses during inflammation)

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20
Q

NLRC4

A

Contains CARD domain + NBD + LRR to recruit procaspase-1 directly
Activated by bacteria e.g. Salmonella, legionella, pseudomonas

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21
Q

Inflammasome components:

A

NLR: sensor
NACHT: NLR oligomerisation
PYD: signal transduction, caspase recruitment
ASC domain: bridging or adaptor protein recruits pro-caspase 1

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22
Q

Activated Caspase 1 activates:

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. preILb –> IL1b: promotes inflammation

2. IL18: +IL12 promotes IFNg production

23
Q

NLRP3

Study These Flashcards
A 
Biggest inflammasome
Activated by:
1. low intracellular potassium concentrations
2. viruses
3. N.gonorrhoeae
4. bacterial toxins
5. liposomes
6. crystallized endogenous molecules
24
Q

Complement System:

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Classical pathway - antibody complexes
  2. Mannose-lectin pathway:
  3. Alternative: Pathogen surfaces bind C3b
25
Activation of complement system
c3 convertase --> c3 --> C3b -->C5b -->c5b binds C6,C7,C8,C9 --> membrane attack complex (lysis of bacteria)
26
C5a
Peptide mediator of inflammation, chemotaxis and B cell activation Mast cells release vasodilator Fever Chemoattractant for neutrophils Stimulates neutrophils to release oxygen radicals
27
Antibody isotypes
IgG & E: monomeric IgA: dimeric, connected by J chain IgM: pentameric, connected by J chain
28
Antibody roles:(4)
Neutralization Opsonization Complement activation Agglutination
29
MHC
II: present to CD4, expressed by APCs I: present to CD8, found on all cells
30
Treg
--> tGF-B: produces TGFb, IL10
31
Th1
Needs IFNy IFNy: macrophage activation, cytotoxic T cell activation TNFa: inflammation, cytotoxic T cell activation IL2: Proliferation of Th1 cells
32
Th2
needs: IL4 IL4: antibody synthesis IL5: eosinophil activation IL10/13: downregulation of immune response
33
Th17
IL17, IL6, TNFa: inflammation
34
Vaccine
Antigens derived from bacteria/virus Stimulates memory immune response Non toxic or attenuated antigens that are injected, ingested, or inhaled to induce the specific protective host immune defences without having to go through the disease process
35
Antigen
substance that interacts with an antiboy
36
immunogen
antigen that elicits an immune response
37
Epitope
Part of the antigen that is recognised by the antibody
38
Continuous epitope
1 chain of peptides
39
Discontinuous epitope
Made up of different parts of a protein
40
Passive vaccination
Short term Human Ig preparations from pooled human sera Administering antibodies or antitoxins Immediate line of specific defence - neutralize venoms
41
Active vaccination
Immune memory Antibody responses Design into CTL/Th responses - viral infections/TB
42
vaccine responses
prophylaxis: prevent infectious disease therapeutic: cure existing infectious disease anti-hormone: block physiology
43
Requirements for a vaccine
Safety Efficacy Stable Affordable
44
Enhancing immunogenicity
correct type of immune response adjuvants - increase immunogenicity (stimulate/modify immune system) targeting innate immunity to activate adaptive immunity target mucosal immunity e.g. cholera
45
Whooping cough
Bordatella pertussis -GN coccobacilus Spread by aerosols Toxins (pertussis toxin), adenylate cyclase, adhesin Original whole cell vaccine tested in Kendrick test Now given as triple antigen - pertussis, tetanus, diptheria Incorporate virulence determinants - toxoids and adhesins
46
Tetanus vaccines
``` 95% efficacy Need noninjectable Clostridium tetani - enviornment, can't erase Toxin-neutralizing antibodies Inhibits disease, not infection Antibody level need to be high enough ```
47
Haemophilus influenzae
Immunity develops 10-16 years old Epiglottitis - rare but dangerous Capsule inhibits C3b binding - bacteria evade phagocytosis Uncontrolled growth --> septic shock --> cytokines act on blood vessls --> reduced blood pressure
48
Conjugate vaccines
Capsular antigens and help for b cell to isotype switch --> memory
49
Strep pneumoniae
GP diplococcus Asymptomatic colonization URT Invasive pneumococcal disease Virulence factors - capsule, adhesins, pneumolysin
50
Strep vaccine
Polysaccharide (PS) -7 Protein conjugate vaccine (PCV) -13 Based on most common serotype in Australia Herd immunity - reduced invasive pneumococcal in children and elderly
51
Less successful vaccines
No protective response: salmonellosis, cholera, TB (pre existing immunity?) Side effects: rotavirus - intestinal blockage Worsen disease: RSV, c.trachomatis
52
Enhancing immunogenicity of vaccines
Eliciting correct type of immune response: intracellular vs extracellular, multiple virulence factors, potential antigens difficult to identify Target dendritic cells and innate immune sensing Target mucosal immune systxem
53
New approaches to vaccines
Live attenuated: dliver >1 antigen, genetic mutations Delivery route (oral, intranasal) Naked DNA vaccines Novel adjuvants

Bacteriology (8 decks)

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