What Are The Consequences Of The Loss Of Traditional Industries In Urban Areas?

Question 1

What are the causes of deindustrialisation?

Answer 1

• Advantages of outsourcing (e.g. Cheap labour, longer legal working hours, fewer health and safety regulations)
• Recession
• Exhaustion/rising prices of raw materials
• Loss of government subsidies
• Changing environmental laws
• Declining markets/demand for products

Question 2

What are the positive consequences of deindustrialisation?

Answer 2

• Gentrification
• Less pollution
• Help development in other parts of world
• New businesses in new sector

Question 3

What are the negative consequences of deindustrialisation?

Answer 3

• Circle of decline
• Friction against government
• Younger people move away
• Increase in crime rate
• Lack of investment
• Building collapse and disrepair

Question 4

Give a brief description of the circle of decline

Answer 4

1. Decline in manufacture
2. Infra-urban migration
3. Wealthy and most mobile follow industry out of cities (White flight)
4. Obsolescence of environment and property
5. Poorest sector of society left behind
6. Lack of investment by local authorities
7. Spiral of decline
8. New industries and business reluctant to relocate

Question 5

How do governments attempt to help deindustrialised areas?

Answer 5

• Implement a policy to retrain workforce (This can reinvigorate tax base and contribute towards minimising cycle of decline e.g. Longbridge)
• Economic and environmental policies can be implemented in order to improve the economy of deindustrialised places

Question 6

Why has the inner city declined?

Answer 6

• Factories close
• Increased unemployment
• Shops/services close
• Decline in quality of housing and environment

Question 7

How does the deindustrialisation of an urban place lead to social exclusion?

Answer 7

• Lack or denial of resources, rights etc.
• Can produce poverty (Poorest affected)
• Communities may be prevented from participating economically, socially or politically in areas they live

Question 8

Outline the Clean Air Act

Answer 8

• 1956
• Smokeless zones
• Reduced other atmospheric pollutants such as SO²
• Also resulted in loss of heavy industry in UK