What causes emotional and motivated behaviour

Question 1

cognitive interpretations of subjective feelings

Answer 1

emotions

Question 2

behaviour that seems purposeful and goal directed

Answer 2

motivation

Question 3

emotions and motivated behaviours are both ___ and ____, with or without awareness, and include ________ and ________ behaviours

Answer 3

inferred, subjective

regulated, unregulated

Question 4

what 3 structures are involved in motion and motivation

Answer 4

hypothalamus
limbic system
frontal lobes

Question 5

what regulates behaviour

Answer 5

reward

Question 6

humans have a very low tolerance for?

Answer 6

deprivation

Question 7

what is one reason why we engage in behaviour

Answer 7

to stimulate the brain

Question 8

circuits for reward can be modulated to _____ or _____ activity
- they are modulated by what?

Answer 8

increase, decrease

• hormones
• chemical senses

Question 9

what play a central role in motivated and emotional behaviour

Answer 9

chemosignals (chemical signals)

Question 10

give 4 examples of how chemosignals play a role in behaviour/emotion

Answer 10

1. identify group members
2. mark territories
3. identify favorite and forbidden foods
4. from associations among odors, tastes, and emotional events

Question 11

what are 2 sense that play a fundemental role in emotional and motivated behaviour

Answer 11

odor and taste

Question 12

why doesnt our olfactory system overlap with our language system very much?

Answer 12

we can detect thousands of odors but dont have many words to describe what we smell

Question 13

what is the life span of an olfactory neuron

Answer 13

60 days

Question 14

receptor surface for olfaction?

Answer 14

olfactory epithelium

Question 15

each olfactory receptor cell sends a process ending in __ to ___ cilia in to a _____ layer, called?

Answer 15

10 -20, mucus, olfactory mucosa

Question 16

how do chemicals dissolve in the mucosa to interact with the cilia?

Answer 16

metabotropic activation of a specific G protein leads to an opening of sodium channels and a change in membrane potential

Question 17

any given odorant stimulates a unique ______ of _____

Answer 17

pattern, receptors

Question 18

in olfactory epithelium, summed activity of pattern produces what?

Answer 18

our perception of a particular odor

Question 19

how many receptors does the olfactory system have?

Answer 19

400 kinds

Question 20

olfactory receptors cells project to what ?

Answer 20

the olfactory bulb on ventral surface of brain (clump of dendrites then receive info from olfactory bulb)

Question 21

in one olfactory pathway, olfactory targets (amygdala and pyriform cortex) have no connection through the ?

Answer 21

thalamus

Question 22

in the other thalamic pathway, it goes through the thalamus and then project to the ? which is involved in ?
– what part of the thalamus does it project to

Answer 22

• orbitofrontal cortex
• emotional, social, and eating behaviours
• dorsomedial nucleus

Question 23

list the olfactory pathway starting from chemicals in the air

Answer 23

–> nasal cavity –> dissolve in olfactory mucosa and interacts with cilia —> signal olfactory receptors in the olfactory epithelium –> olfactory bulbs (synapse with mitral cells) –> mitral axons send a signal to the forebrain

Question 24

biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemosignals to affect the physiology or behavior of another animal

Answer 24

pheromes

Question 25

what are pheromes detected by? | what is this structure connect to?

Answer 25

a special olfactory receptor system known as the vomeronasal organ - connected to the amygdala and hypothalamus

Question 26

name the pathway for detected pheromes

Answer 26

pheromes --> vomernasal organ --> acessory olfactoy bulb --> amygdala + hypothalamus (inform reproductive and social behaviour)

Question 27

body odor activates brain regions involved in ?

Answer 27

emotional processing

Question 28

a strangers odor activates what?

Answer 28

the amygdala and insular cortex

Question 29

processing body odors is mostly _____ and ______

Answer 29

unconscious and automatic

Question 30

what are the names of ppl who have very high taste thresholds vs very low taste thresholds

Answer 30

- supertasters | - nontasters

Question 31

____ are much more responsive to taste than _____

Answer 31

children than adults

Question 32

by age 20, humans have lost what percent of taste receptors?

Answer 32

50%

Question 33

why are we sensitive to bitter flavours?

Answer 33

things might be toxic if bitter

Question 34

the # of tastes buds you have is partly ?

Answer 34

genetic

Question 35

each of the 5 taste receptors respond to ? (name all 5)

Answer 35

a different chemical component of food (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami)

Question 36

the umami receptor is especially sensitive to ?

Answer 36

glutamate

Question 37

taste receptors are grouped into ? each containing?

Answer 37

- taste buds | - several receptor types

Question 38

gustatory stimuli interact with the receptor tips or microvili, causing?

Answer 38

- ion channels open, leading to changes in membrane potential

Question 39

what cranial nerves form the main gustatory nerve?

Answer 39

7, 9, 10

Question 40

the main gustatory nerve, the solitary tract, enters the brain stem --> nucleus of the solitary tract. what are the 2 routes it takes?

Answer 40

1. RED - posterior medulla to ventroposterior medial nucleus (thalamus) 2. BLUE - hypothalamus + amygdala (feeding behaviour, including strength and pleastness of flavours?)

Question 41

what are the 2 subpaths of the RED gustatory route and what is thier function

Answer 41

A. primary somatosensory cortex (s1): localizes taste/texture on the tongue B. primary gustatory cortex (insula, rostral to S2): taste --> oribital cortex mix olfactory and gustatoy input : flavour (R pleasant and L unpleasant) ** read test on this

Question 42

right oribital cortex detects what? | left detects what?

Answer 42

- pleasant (right) | - unpleasant (left)

Question 43

what do we need to get flavour

Answer 43

smell and taste to integrate