What factors strengthened apartheid or "separate development" in the years 1960-68? Flashcards
(20 cards)
What year was Verwoerd murdered, who succeeded him?
1966, B.J Vorster
What was the economic growth in SA like in 1960s compared to other countries?
What was SA still very dependent on for exportation in the 1960s?
What could the low levels of productivity and acute skill shortages be partly accredited to?
Good after ww2 but as good as other middle-income countries of the time.
Mining and agriculture
The government’s failure to invest in education for a large percentage of the population (blacks).
Between what years did employment in manufacturing roughly double?
At the start of this period how many Africans were employed in white-collar work, what did this increase to?
How many more people became employed in gold mining, of these people in the 1960s what percentage were migrant workers?
1951 and 1975
75,000-420,000
100,000, 80%
In which two industries were many jobs reserved for whites only?
What are examples of jobs that African people could not be trained in?
What could Africans not do at work?
Mining, Skilled artisanal work
Plumbers, electricians, welders
Be the boss of a white man
How did construction change for blacks?
What act of what year allowed municipalities to use African workers on African houses?
Why was the act created?
Gov wanted to put an end to slums near city centres, so needed to build more cheap homes/townships.
The Native Building Workers Act (1951)
To enable basic townships to be built more quickly and cheaply, Africans could gain skills.
Why did apartheid bureaucracies open up new opportunities for black South Africans?
In what two ways did manufacturers and marketers improve African living?
Whites would move out of government jobs in townships, they were able to do more private sector work.
They began to identify an African market from which products (lifestyle) were heavily advertised (newspapers), these companies needed African sales personnel… JOBS!!
During the 1960s what percentage did income, per capita, increase by for black South Africans?
During the 1960s the African population increased from ___ to ___
Over the decade, what percentage did industrial workers see their wages rise by?
What do these figures show?
23%
11 million - 15 million
50%
A large increase in economic opportunity fo African people
In what year did prosecutions for pass offences nearly double that of the year 1960? How many prosecutions was this?
During the 1960s the number of Africans living in cities increased from ___ to ___
What did Tomlinson say would be the only way to reduce the rate of Urbanisation?
1968, 700,000
1.5 million - over 6 million
A massive programme of investment and development in the homelands, which Verwoerd refused to do.
The 1960s saw an overall increase of about _____ white immigrants
Why did the nationalists feel less uneasy about white immigrants in the 1960s?
What three things did European immigrants “bring” to SA?
What was the peak percentage of white South Africans, what year? What year did it reach 17%?
What were European immigrants immediately classified as?
250,000
English-speakers voted in some numbers for the National Party
Skills, Capital and numbers (white birth rates falling)
22%, 1921, 1968
White
What percentage did white income increase by?
How many times larger, on average, was their income than blacks?
How many cars did SA produce in 1960 as opposed to 1970?
Among whites, what did SA car ownership rank (against the rest of the world)?
What was the ratio of cars to white people?
What was the ratio of cars to African people?
50%
12 times
95,000 in 1960…195,000 in 1970
4th
1 car for every 3 people
1 car per 100 people
How did social life change for Africans in some townships during the 60s?
What were stokvels?
How else was leisure implemented in townships?
Became less politicised, more focus on getting ahead
Savings clubs, allowed those with low incomes to buy bigger consumer items or deal with emergencies
Churches, choirs, football clubs.
Who was Leo Kuper, when did he publish his study?
What did he find out whilst interviewing Zulu-speakers in Durban?
What was the government response to his book?
Sociologist, 1965
They were part of a rapidly growing African middle class which cut across apartheid ideas that Africans belonged in rural areas. Showed cultural adaptation rather than tribal people.
It was banned in SA
How did social change in the 1950s and 1960s benefit African Women?
State three ways less educated African women could make a living in the cities?
What two jobs were opening up to educated women?
Rural to town migration= more opportunities
Domestic servants for whites, factory work, running small businesses, doing washing
Nursing, teaching
When was Drum magazine launched?
Other than political developments, what did Drum “capture”?
How did Drum portray Africans?
What did it talk about that was typically ‘taboo’/unusual
1951
The changing life in the townships in the 1960s
Celebrated male African prowess in sport and showed black women in bikinis. It showed fashionable people and urban styles
Talked openly about emotional problems, provided humorous commentary on SA racism.
When was the Bantu Self-Governing Act?
What did it attempt to do?
What month and year was the first Self-Governing homeland, where was it,
What did the chief believe?
1959
Turn the homelands into self-governing states within SA
December 1963, The Transkei,
There was no option but to work with the apartheid government
What did that National party require a homeland to do before they could achieve self-government?
Who won the elections for the Transkei assembly and what did they believe?
What did Matanzima do to gain control?
Who rewarded him and how?
What happened to trading stations owned by whites and coloureds?
What did this do, overall, for blacks living in Bantustans?
Amongst other, smaller, units where else were similar processes carried out (give two examples)?
Hold elections
An opposition democratic party, believed South Africa should remain one nation
ensured that sufficient conservative chiefs were put into government which ensured control by his Transkei National Independence Party.
Pretoria gave the Transkei government substantial funding
Bought by the government and redistributed to blacks
Helped create a rural black middle class
The homelands of KwaZulu, Bophutatswana, Lebowa (previously Sekhukhuneland)
What was set up by independent African states to initiate procedures against SA? - What year?
What did they include a fund for?
What three countries shielded SA from this and why?
the Organisation of African Unity, 1963
Liberation
Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)-under white rule, Mozambique and Angola-Portuguese colonies
What did Vorster do in light of diplomatic ties?
What three reasons did he have for doing so?
Why did Botswana, Lethoso and Swaziland have to maintain connection with SA?
President of which country was Vorster successful in cementing links with and why (two reasons)?
Reached out to African countries, offering trade relations, technical training and economical advice.
Expand trade, cut off potential ANC bases, hush any criticism of apartheid/white rule
They were economically dependent
Malawi- very poor country, he adopted a more conservative approach than other African leaders
Where did SA maintain many diplomatic ties, despite Sharpeville and AAM/UN pressures? Which businesses emerged?
What were the three reasons that SA stayed attractive to Western investors and politicians?
The West, Japan… Car, coca cola, barclays businesses emerged and were advertised.
Minerals such as gold, uranium and coal + the booming consumer economy + the fight against communism, especially in Africa.
What did Vorster site as his explanation for tightening security legislation through parliament?
For up to how many days could police initially legally detain suspects without trial?
Which act of which year made this indefinitely?
What happened in the new police headquarters in John Vorster Square, Johannesburg?
How many lost their lives there?
The threat of communism
180
Terrorism Act 1967
Police violence, including torture and abuse, “to gain information from suspects”
8 detainees
