What he said Flashcards

(55 cards)

1
Q

MC brain tumor in adults

A

METS

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2
Q

What are red neurons?

A

dying neurons dt sustained hypoxia

  • vacuolated
  • eosinophilia of cytoplasm
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3
Q

Red Neurons are seen in what dz?

A

cerebral infarction aka stroke

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4
Q

MC cause of thrombotic occlusion in the brain? (this causes an ischemic stroke)

A

atherosclerosis

- of course, smoking is a risk factor

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5
Q

What is the most malignant form of astrocytoma?

A

GBM, Glioblastoma Multiforme

- this is the worst dx of primary brain tumors

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6
Q

Glioblastoma Histo

A

high cellularity, anaplasia, nuclear anaplasia…. increase in mitotic figures

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7
Q

What brain lesion looks like a butterfly (S-shaped) that crosses the corpus

A

Glioblastoma Multiforme

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8
Q

After 12-24 hrs of a stroke (cerebral infarct), what will the brain look like, grossly?

A
  • “blurring of grey-white junction”

- also, discoloration, softening, edema

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9
Q

MC brain tumor in children?

A

astrocytic tumors

  • Glioblastoma!
  • then, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, craniopharyngioma
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10
Q

4 major classes of primary brain tumors:

A
  1. meningioma
  2. glioma
  3. neuronal
  4. poorly differentiated
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11
Q

what are some gliomas?

A

astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma

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12
Q

Ependymomas are usually located where?

A
  • line the ventricles! of the brain

- but after 20 yo, more often found in spinal cord

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13
Q

MC vessel affected in cerebral vascular stroke? (like thrombotic occlusion in ischemic stroke)

A

middle cerebral artery

- (this vessel comes off the carotid)

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14
Q

Which is worse? Ischemic or Hemorrhagic stroke?

A

hemorrhagic (specifically intracerebral), but less common

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15
Q

What is a berry aneurysm?

A

thin wall out-pouching in the circle of Willis

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16
Q

Most common cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

rupture of a berry aneurysm

- remember that med student w the acute severe HA, then died

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17
Q

MC type of vascular malformation in the brain that is clinically significant?

A

Arteriovenous malformations

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18
Q

what type of hematoma of head usu dt trauma - blood from middle meningeal artery accumulates bet dura and skull

A

Epidural Hematoma

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19
Q

What type of hematoma in the head occurs when bridging veins between the brain and superior sagittal sinus are damaged and usually occurs in the fronto-parietal region of the cerebrum?

A

sub-dural hematoma

  • bet dura and arachnoid
  • crescent shaped
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20
Q

What types of hemorrhage do arteriovenous malformations cause?

A

intracerebral or subarachnoid

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21
Q

MC cause of intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

HTN

vs. trauma

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22
Q

Which brain tumor is the most common of the poorly differentiated (looks embryonal), usu in cerebellum, and 20% of all brain tumors of children?

A

Medulloblastoma

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23
Q

tumor cells are small, ovoid, slightly elongated w high nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio

A

Medulloblastoma

24
Q

What the usually causes of cerebral infarction dt ischemia and hemorrhage?

A
  • ischemic stroke is usu dt atherosclerosis

- hemorrhagic stroke is usu dt HTN

25
Which is MC? ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke?
ischemic stroke
26
if you're suspicious of a stroke, what imaging to do?
CT first (blood is opaque), then MRI
27
What is Central Pontine Myelinolysis?
usu iatrogenic - overly rapid correction of hyponatremia - demyelinating dz
28
Cerebellar and brainstem stroke are usu dt problems with what arteries?
vertebral and basilar
29
What is Hypertensive Encephalopathy?
Acute rise in BP causing an increase in intracranial pressure --> HA, confusion, V, convulsions, coma, death
30
In children, 70% of brain tumors are located ____ the tentorium whereas in adults, 70% are found _____ the tentorium.
- below | - above
31
What is a Basal skull fracture?
a type of linear skull fracture - petrus portion of temporal bone - leaks spinal fluid from ear
32
MC skull fracture
Linear - dt severe head injury
33
you will see Raccoon's eyes and/or Battle's sign in what kind of skull fracture?
Basilar skull fracture | Battle's sign - mastoid ecchymosis
34
Epidural Hematoma assoc w damage to what artery?
MMA, Middle Meningeal Artery
35
MC cause of Dementia
Alzheimer's Dz - death of nerve cells in brain - MC form is late-onset (>65 yo)
36
Alzheimer's Dz, the MC cause of Dementia, is associated with what characteristic abN found in the brain?
Amyloid plaques (OUTSIDE) and Neurofibrillary tangles (INSIDE)
37
MC form of Alzheimer's Dz
late-onset (vs early, familial)
38
Vascular Dementia is also known as?
Multi-infarct Dementia, MID ---> low blood flow leading to damaged cells and loss of neuronal fx - cystic infarcts
39
Vascular Dementia or MID imaging shows?
- cystic infarcts - increased ventricular size - diminished vol of grey and white matter
40
What is Pick's Dz?
uncommon dementia affecting frontal and temporal lobes
41
atrophy of brain looks "knife-like" is characteristic of what kind of dementia?
Pick's Dz
42
What lobes are affected in Pick's Dz?
frontal, temporal
43
What areas of the brain are affected in Parkinson's Dz?
pigmented | - substantia nigra, locus ceruleus
44
Lewy Bodies are associated with?
Parkinson's with dementia - found within cytoplasm of neurons in the brain - a ddx for Alzheimer's
45
What is the MC demyelinating Dz?
Multiple Sclerosis
46
dt infx by JC virus?
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy, PML, a demyelinating dz
47
Are meningiomas usu malignant or benign?
- benign - adults - in arachnoid, attached to dura
48
Are Gliomas usu malignant or benign?
they are malignant | - MC primary tumor the brain (astrocytoma)
49
What is a TIA?
Transient Ischemic Attack - preceding an ischemic stroke dt complete occlusion of a cerebral vessel, TIA's or transient neurologic sxs are clinical markers for an increased risk of cerebral infarction
50
What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US?
stroke | - also the 3rd leading cause of major disability
51
What is Gliosis?
reactive proliferation of astrocytes in response to damage of the CNS ---> can lead to a glial scar
52
Macroscopic view of brain after cerebral infarct?
diffuse edema, narrowed sulci, widened gyri
53
When will you see vacuolated neurons and eosinophilia of neuronal cytoplasm dt cerebral infarction?
first 12-24hrs after infarct
54
When will you see infiltration of a cerebral infarct by neutrophils at edges of the lesion?
after ~24hrs
55
When will you see increased # of m0 following a cerebral infarct?
1-14d