What influences a person's perception on the world Flashcards
AoS 2 (116 cards)
1
Q
Attention
A
Focusing on specific internal or external stimuli or aspects of sensory environment while excluding others
2
Q
Top-down processing
A
Starting at the top with higher level processing and working from the whole ‘down’ to the details.
3
Q
Bottom-up processing
A
perceptual processing that is built from new sensory imput, looking at the details of a stimulus before generating the whole interpretation.
4
Q
Sensation
A
process of capturing sensory information
5
Q
Perception
A
process of organising, recognising and interpreting sensory information
6
Q
Sustained attention
A
maintenance of attention on one thing over an extended period
7
Q
Divided attention
A
distributing attention so that two or more activities may be performed simultaneously
8
Q
Selective attention
A
choosing and attending to a specific stimulus whilst at the same time excluding other stimuli
9
Q
Distraction
A
when a stimulus interferes with attention
10
Q
Inattention
A
lack of attention/failure to pay attention
11
Q
Attention span
A
length of time an individual can concentrate/focus on/attend to a stimuli
12
Q
controlled process
A
task requiring selective attention for it to be completed (usually a difficult or unfamiliar task)
13
Q
automatic process
A
allows divided attention in order for it to be completed (usually easy or well-learned task)
14
Q
what are some limitations in our brain’s attention
A
- it is limited in its abilities
- is selective in what it attends to
- controllable (unconscious)
15
Q
factors influencing our attention function
A
- different levels of arousal
- task difficulty
- anxiety
- skill development
16
Q
visual sensation
A
captured light information from the environment to the eye
17
Q
what are the key stages of visual perception
A
reception
transmission
transduction
selection
organisation and interpretation
18
Q
what are some biological factors influencing visual perception?
A
eye
optic nerve
primary visual cortex
19
Q
describe the role of the eye in visual perception
A
responsible for receiving light
20
Q
describe the role of the optic nerve in visual perception
A
is the means of transmission, highway of neurons that connects retina to the primary visual cortex
21
Q
describe the role of the primary visual cortex in visual perception
A
processing light information, part of the occipital lobe
22
Q
what is depth perception?
A
the ability to judge distances and see the world in three dimensions
23
Q
what are depth cues?
A
how we receive info from the environment or our body to tell us how far away an object it
24
Q
what are the two different types of depth cues?
A
Binocular depth cues
monocular depth cues
25
What are monocular depth cues? Meaning
cues that require the use of one eye
26
What are binocular depth cues? (Meaning)
cues that require the use of two eyes
27
What are the binocular depth cues
retinal disparity
convergence
28
what are the monocular depth cues
accommodation
pictorial cues
29
what are pictorial cues?
Cues from the visual environment that indicate the distance of objects from an observer
30
List the pictorial cues
interposition
texture gradient
relative size
height in the visual field
31
What is retinal disparity?
the slight difference of visual images between the right and left eye which enables us to make judgements about distance or depth
32
What is convergence?
the brain interprets depth and distance from changes in the muscle tension of the eyes
33
What is accommodation?
allows us to judge depth and distance by measuring how much the lens bulges and flattens depending on how far or close something is
34
What is interposition?
occurs when one object obstructs another and is perceived as closer
35
What is texture gradient?
the gradual reduction of detail that occurs on a surface as it recedes into the distance
36
What is relative size?
refers to the tendency to visually perceive the object that produces the largest image on the retina as being closer compared to another smaller object
37
What is "height in the visual field"?
refers to the location of an object in our field of vision
38
What are some psychological factors influencing perception?
gestalt principles
depth cues
visual constancies
perceptual set
39
What does it mean by "Gestalt principles"
a set of rules that we apply in the of organising and interpreting our perceptual experiences
40
What are "visual constancies"
principles that help maintain the perception of the world as stable, despite changes cast into the retinal image
41
What does it mean by "perceptual set"
the predisposition to perceive aspects of our environment in a way that is consistent with our expectations
42
List the gestalt principles
figure-ground
closure
similarity
proximity
43
What is proximity?
tendency to mentally group objects that are positioned closely together
44
What is 'figure-ground'?
allows us to organise a visual scene by differentiating the stimulus (figure) away from the background (ground)
45
What is 'closure'?
principle by which we tend to **mentally fill** any **gaps** in a visual stimulus and **perceive it as a** complete and meaningful **whole**
46
What is similarity?
the tendency to **mentally group objects with similar qualities together** as belonging to a whole (size shape texture colour)
47
What are psychological factors influencing perceptual set
context
motivation
past experiences
emotional stage
48
What does 'context' refer to?
refers to the setting or environment in which a perception is made.
49
How does context impact perception?
we are more likely to perceive a stimulus in a manner that is consistent with the environment in which it appears.
50
What does 'motivation' refer to?
refers to our internal processes which activate **behaviour** that are **directed towards achieving a** particular **goal.**
51
how does motivation impact perception?
we are more likely to perceive a stimulus in a way that is consistent with our desire
52
What does 'past experience' refer to?
our personal experiences throughout life.
53
How do our past experiences impact our perception?
readiness to perceive a stimuli in a way that is consistent with what we have previously encountered.
54
What are social factors that influence perceptual set
culture/cultural background
55
what does 'culture' refer to?
the way of life of a particular community or group that sets it apart from other communities and groups
56
What are the different types of visual contancies?
size
shape
brightness
57
What is size constancy?
Perceiving the size of an object to be stable, despite changes in the objects size as cast on the retina
58
What is shape constancy
Perceiving the shape of an object to be stable, despite changes in the objects shape that are cast onto the retina
59
What is brightness constancy
Perceiving the intensitiy of light of an object as stable, despite changes in the brightness of the object that are cast onto the retina
60
What is gustatory perception?
Meaningfully interpreting sensations to generate taste
61
what are taste buds
cells located around papillae that contain taste receptors
62
What are the papille?
the tiny raised protrusions on the tongue that contain taste buds.
63
What is 'food culture'?
The common **norms** around eating, including **flavour preference, eating patterns**, **beliefs and values** about food.
64
What are some biological factors that influence taste perception
age
genetics
illness
pregnancy
65
What are some psychological factors influencing taste perception
Paste experiences
context
emotional state
66
what are some social factors that influence taste perception
food culture
67
How does age impact taste?
we become less sensitive to taste as we age, **number of taste buds can decrease,** takes longer to regenerate (especially after injury), mouth produces less saliva, **sense of smell can diminish,** these **effects become more noticeable after the age of 60**
68
How do genetics impact taste?
genetics impact how **taste information is received**, the **number of tastebuds** we have, and genetic variations can account for **flavour preferences**
69
How does illness impact taste
congested nose reduces taste
70
How does pregnancy impact taste?
There can be hormonal and/or biological changes which could account for changes in taste
71
How do out past experiences impact taste?
expectation for a similar experience
72
How does the context of which food is eaten impact taste perception
the context in which a meal is presented can impact our expectations of its tatse based on previous assumptions
73
How does our emotional state impact taste perception?
positive or negative associations
74
what are the stages of taste perception
reception
transduction
transmission
interpretation
75
Describe the process of reception in taste perception
physical stimulation of taste receptors through chemical tastants
76
Describe the process of transduction in taste perception
The taste receptors convert sensory input into neural messages
77
Describe the process of transmission in taste perception
the neural messages are sent via facial cranial nerves to the brain for interpretation
78
Describe
Neural messages are sent via the
79
What are perceptual distortions
errors in perception
80
What can cause perceptual distortions
neurological disorders and genetic differences
81
List some types of visual illutions
Muller-lyer illusion
ames room illusion
Ponzo illusion
82
What aspect of vision is applied to the muller-lyer illusion
occurs because of the pictorial depth cue of linear perspective
83
What aspect of vision is applied to the ames room illusion
applies past experience
84
What aspect of vision is applied to the ponzo illusion
caused by a misapplication of pictorial depth of linear perspectiveWh
85
what is fallibitlity?
The quality of being prone to error or experiencing difficulties sin judgement
86
what is a visual illusion?
The perception of visual stimulus that conflicts with how it is in reality
87
What is agnosia?
a disorder involving the **loss or impairment** of the ability to recognise **familiar stimulus** through the use of one or more senses, despite the senses functioning normally otherwise
88
What are the different types of agnosia?
* smell (olfactory agnosia)
* sound (auditory agnosia)
* touch (tactile agnosia)
* taste (gustatory agnosia)
89
What are the categories of visual agnosia?
apperceptive visual agnosia
associative visual agnosia
90
What is apperceptive visual agnosia?
the inability to generate holistic perceptions of visual information
91
What is associative visual agnosia
the inability to identify or recognise a visual stimulus. The perception is intact, but the ability to interpret this meaningfully is compromised
92
What are the subtypes of visual agnosia
Prosopagnosia, Achromatopsia, Simultanagnosia, Topographagnosia,
Agnostic Alexia (pure Alexia)
93
What is prosopagnosia?
The inability to recognise familiar faces
94
What is Achromatopsia
the inability to distinguish between colours
95
What is Simultanagnosia
The inability to recognise multiple objects in the same visual scene at the same time
96
What is Topographagnosia
The inability to process spatial environments including familiar places
97
what is Agnostic Alexia (pure Alexia)
The inability to recognise or interpret written words
98
Why do we see illusions?
- The physical nature of the visual stimulus
- The characteristics of the eyes
- The characteristics of our visual perceptual process
99
What is synesthesia?
a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense involuntarily produces additional unusual experiences in another sense
100
How does colour impact flavour and taste perception?
Can impact expectations of taste.
101
What is spatial neglect?
(aka visual neglect) is a neurological disorder whereby individuals are unable to notice anything either on their left or right side even though there may be no sensory loss
102
what factors influence taste perception?
- perceptual set
- colour intensity
- texture
103
What are supertasters?
People who have a relatively higher number papillae than the average person, giving them an increased sensitivity to taste
104
What is a non-taster?
someone who has a lower number of papillae than the average person, giving them a decreased sensitivity to taste
105
What is miraculin?
A protein found in miracle berries in west Africa that alters taste perception
106
Describe the term 'flavour'
Perceptual experience produced by a combination of taste and other sensations
107
What does colour refer to in regards to flavour perception?
This refers to the colour of a food or beverage and its intensity
108
Describe the term 'texture' in regards to food
Is the property of food/beverages that is felt in the mouth and contributes to flavour
109
Describe the Muller-Lyer illusion
An illusion where the length of the central line of a stimulus is misjudged because if the lines attached to either end of the stimuli.
110
Describe the Ames room illusion
An illusion that causes difficulty in accurately perceiving size based on an apparatus that manipulates depth cues
111
What are the different types of synaesthesia
Chromesthesia
Grapheme-colour
auditory-tactile
lexical-gustatory
112
What is chromesthesia
sound triggers perception of colour
113
What is grapheme-colour synaesthesia?
Letters/numbers trigger perception of colour
114
What is auditory-tactile synaesthesia?
Sound triggers perception of touch
115
What is lexical-gustatory synaesthesia?
words triggering a perception of taste
116
What does contralateral mean?
Opposite side of the body
