What is Microbiology

Question 1

Bacteriology

Answer 1

study of single-celled organisms
- Kingdom Monera
- Prokaryote

Question 2

Prokaryote

Answer 2

no nucleus
i.e. Bacteria

Question 3

4 main bacterial shapes

Answer 3

cocci, bacilli, spirals, spirochetes

Question 4

Mycology

Answer 4

study of simple plants: fungi + yeasts
- kingdom fungi
- eukaryote

Question 5

Eukaryote

Answer 5

membrane-bound nucleus

Question 6

Fungi + yeast lack ____ and are ____

Answer 6

chlorophyll; decomposers

Question 7

Fungal shapes (2)

Answer 7

yeast, mold

Question 8

Virology

Answer 8

study of viruses + prions (electron microscope)
- non-living
- obligate intracellular parasites

Question 9

Obligate intracellular parasites

Answer 9

must get in host cell to replicate

Question 10

viral shapes have a ____ structure

Answer 10

crystaline

Question 11

Parasitology

Answer 11

study of simple + complex animals
- kingdom protista: Protozoa
- kingdom animalia: Helminths

Question 12

Protozoa, 2 examples

Answer 12

simple single-celled animal
Trichomonas, Giardia

Question 13

Helminths, an example, and their Phylums

Answer 13

worms; tapeworm
phylum: Nemahelminths - round worms
phylum: platyhelminthes - flat worms

Question 14

normal flora

Answer 14

microbe living in/on human body w/o harm
aka: microbiome

Question 15

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 15

infectious microbe considered normal flora that may cause disease when resistance is low or innate defenses breached

Question 16

Microbial disease: pathogen vs. pathogenesis

Answer 16

pathogen - microbe causing infection/illness
pathogenesis - steps required resulting in manifestation of disease

Question 17

Epidemiology

Answer 17

study of factors determining frequency + distribution of disease

Question 18

5 requirements of infection

Answer 18

entry -> establishment -> defeat host defenses -> damage host -> transmission to new host

Question 19

Disease spread: transmission mechanisms

Answer 19

air, food/water, insect vectors, person-person contact, geographic distribution

Question 20

Disease spread: propagation of epidemic disease factors

Answer 20

• poor socioeconomic conditions
• ignorance of how infections occur
• poor hygiene
• natural disasters
• war + relocation of refugees

Question 21

Virulence

Answer 21

potential of pathogen to cause disease

Question 22

Virulence factors: allow pathogen to ____(3)

Answer 22

-persist in host
- cause disease
- escape or defeat host defenses

Question 23

Host defense types (2)

Answer 23

Innate immune response
Adaptive immune response

Question 24

Innate immune response

Answer 24

constant (ex. diarrhea, purge, skin)
- 1ts line of defense
- non-specific
- cellular + chemical factors

Question 25

Adaptive immune response

Answer 25

directed, takes long time - lethal response - specific - memory

Question 26

Bacterial infections: prevention + treatment

Answer 26

* easiest to treat prevention: antiseptics + disinfectants treatment: antibiotics

Question 27

Fungal infections: - more difficult to treat as fungi ____ - treatment

Answer 27

share common cell structures w/ human cells treatment: Antimycotics (antibiotics specific to fungi)

Question 28

Viral infections: 2 mechanisms of destruction

Answer 28

**no treatment** for viral illness - must be destroyed prior to entering cell, or host cell must be killed prior to releasing the replicated virus

Question 29

treatment of Protozoa can cause severe human illness as they are ____ and thus share many cellular components

Answer 29

simple animals

Question 30

treatment of Helminths can cause severe human illness as they are ____ and thus share many cellular components

Answer 30

more complex animals

Question 31

Treatment of infectious disease: - best is ____ - (3)

Answer 31

prevention: public health + immunization - antiseptics, disinfectants, antibiotics

Question 32

Public health measures

Answer 32

- disinfection of water supplies - monitoring food supplies - proper hygiene + sanitation - proper waste removal + treatment - insect + pest control

Question 33

benefits of microbes

Answer 33

- recycle vital elements in soil - convert environmental elements into usable form - return CO2 to atmosphere - recycle waste water - decontaminate toxic spills - production of chemicals, hormones, + enzymes - food production