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What Is Psychology > What Is Psychology > Flashcards

What Is Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychology

A

The scientific study of the mind, brain and behavior

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2
Q

What makes psychology challenging and rewarding?

A

1.Human behavior is difficult to predict
2.Psychological influences are rarely independent of each other
3. Individual differences among people
4. People influence one another
5. Behavior is shaped by culture

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3
Q

Naive realism

A

The belief that we see the world precisely as it actually is in truth

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

A specific prediction based on a theory which can then be tested

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5
Q

Emic vs etic

A

Emic is the study of behavior of a native from an insiders perspective

Etic is study of behavior from an outsiders perspective

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6
Q

Empiricism

A

The premise that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation

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7
Q

Confirmation bias mother of biases

A

The tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and deny dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them

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8
Q

Belief perseverance

A

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

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9
Q

Pseudoscience

A

A set of claims that seem scientific but aren’t

Lacks safeguards against confirmation bias n belief perseverance

Testable beliefs not supported by evidence

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10
Q

Warning signs of pseudoscience

A

Ad hoc immunizing hypotheses
Lack of self correction
Over reliance on anecdotes

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11
Q

Apophenia

A

Finding connections among unrelated or random phenomenon

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12
Q

Pareidoila

A

Seeing meaningful images in meaningful visual stimuli

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13
Q

Emotional reasoning fallacy

A

Using emotion rather than evidence as the guide

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14
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A

Lots of people believe it so it must be true

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15
Q

Not me fallacy

A

Other people may have those biases but not me

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16
Q

Pseudoscience disadvantages

A

Dangerous
Opportunity cost
Direct harm
Inability to think scientifically

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17
Q

Critical thinking

A

A set of skills for evaluating all claims in a open minded and careful fashion

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18
Q

Critical thinking principles

A

Ruling out rival hypotheses (alternate explanation for considered finding)

Correlation vs causation ( can we be sure a cause b)

Falsifiability
Can the claim be disproven

Replicability (duplication)

Extraordinary Claims (convincing evidence)

Occam’s razor or KISS
Does a simpler explanation fit the data just as well

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19
Q

Frameworks that shape psychology

A

Structuralism (Wundt n EB titchner
Functionalism (William James)
Behaviorism (Watson and skinner)
Cognitivism (Piaget and neisser)
Psychoanalysis (Freud and Jung)

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20
Q

Structuralism

A

Insistence of systematic data collection and empiricism

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21
Q

Functionalism

A

Influence of evolutionary theory on modern psych

22
Q

Behaviorism

A

Helped to understand how we learn and the importance of scientific rigor

23
Q

Cognitivism

A

Focus on not only reward or punishers but on our interpretation of events

24
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

May have actually retarded scientific advances of clinical psych but Theories of mental processing outside of conscious awareness are holding up

25
Q

Types of psychologists

A

Clinical
Counseling
School
Developmental
Experimental
Bio psychologists
Forensic

26
Q

Two debates

A

Nature vs nurture
Free will determinism

27
Q

Broad categories or research

A

Basic - how the mind works
Applied - how we use basic research to solve real world problems

28
Q

Founder of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund Freud

29
Q

Founder of modern psychology

A

Wilhelm Wundt

30
Q

First phd female first female Apa president

A

Mary whiton calkins

31
Q

Founder of behaviorism

A

John B Watson

32
Q

Famous psychologist; behaviorism focused on responses

A

B.F Skinner

33
Q

Author of first psychology text book

A

William James

34
Q

First American male earn a phd in Psyc opened first lab in US; first apa president

A

G Stanley hall

35
Q

First African American female to earn phd in psychology

A

Inez Beverly prosser

36
Q

Developmental and cognitive psychologist

A

Jean Piaget

37
Q

First African American male psychology phd recipient

A

Francis Cecil summer

38
Q

Cognitive biases

A

Systematic error in thinking
Hindsight bias
Overconfidence

39
Q

Scientific method tools

A

Naturalistic observations
Case study designs
Self report measure and surveys
Random selection
Evaluating measures
Rating data
Correlational designs
Scatterplots

40
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Watching behavior in a real world setting
High external validity (generalize our findings to the real world)
Low internal validity (extent in which we can draw cause n effect interferences)

41
Q

Case study designs

A

Studying one person or a small number of people for an extended period of time

Common w brain damage n mental illness

Provide existence proofs but may be misleading and anecdotal

42
Q

Self report measures and surveys

A

Questionnaires that assess characteristics such as personality or mental illness

Survey are peoples opinions or abilities

43
Q

Random selection

A

Key to generalizability

Ensure every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

44
Q

Evaluating measures

A

To trust results measures must have
Reliability - consistency of measurement
Validity - extent to which a measure assesses what it claims to measure

45
Q

Self report measures

A

Pros
Easy to administer
Direct self assessment of persons state

Cons
Accuracy is skewed for certain groups (narcissists)
Potential for dishonesty
Response sets - tendency to distort their responses
Positive impression management
Malingering

46
Q

Rating data

A

People can be asked to rate others on different characteristics

47
Q

Correlational designs

A

Examine how two variables are related

Illusory correlation- perception of a statistical association where none exists

48
Q

Determining causation

A

The only way to determine if one thing is casually related to another is via an experimental design

49
Q

What makes a study an experiment?

A

Random assignment to the
Experimental group n control group

Manipulation of an independent variable

Confounds - any difference between the experimental and control groups aside from IV

Cause and effect - infer w/ random assignment n manipulation of IV

50
Q

Pitfalls of experimental design

A

Placebo effect
Nocebo effect
Experimenter expectancy effect
Demand characteristics

51
Q

Ethical guidelines

A

Institutional review board
Informed consent
Justification of deception
Debriefing of subjects afterwards

IACUC - institutional animal care and use committee

What Is Psychology (2 decks)

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