What is science ?

Question 1

science

Answer 1

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Question 2

Scientist basic research

Answer 2

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Question 3

applied research

Answer 3

• research that is done to solve a situation in every day life

Question 4

confirmation bias

Answer 4

• human tendency look for information that confirms what we already believe.

Question 5

pseudoscience

Answer 5

• a direction of science that uses unscientific methods can not be replicated and proven . Non scientific work that tries to be scientific.

Question 6

scientific explanation, commonsense explanations, belief based explanations parsimonious explanations

Answer 6

belief based: thesis doesn’t get tested because the source is trusted or it comes from a set of believes that doesn’t get questioned.

common sense : no questioning because the thesis is regarded as common sense.

parsimonious: using few assumptions to explain the phenomena

scientific explanation: empirical, testable, parsimonious, rigorously evaluated, rational, general, tentative

Question 7

scientific theory and scientific method

Answer 7

• highly ordered and structured theory

- sm.= observing phenomena,developing hypothesis, empirical testing, reproducing the study

Question 8

law

Answer 8

• a relationship that has been verified through empirical testing –> eselsbrücke - secure like a law.

Question 9

model

Answer 9

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Question 10

mechanistic explanation

Answer 10

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Question 11

functional explanation

Answer 11

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Question 12

quantitative theory vs qualitative theory vs descriptive theory vs analogical theory vs fundamental theory

Answer 12

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Question 13

conformational strategy >< disconfirmational strategy

Answer 13

• wanting to conform your hypothesis with your study

- wanting to disconform your hypothesis with the study

Question 14

strong inference

Answer 14

• strong association = strong correlation

Question 15

random / non random sampling

Answer 15

• random sampling is a method to reduce the threat to external validity - the sample has no shared characteristics but is random
• non random is referred to a chosen sample, which shares characteristics

Question 16

volunteer bias

Answer 16

• volunteer bias effects the internal and external validity
• volunteers have specific characteristics - no random sample anymore
• volunteers have an attitude that can influence the internal validity- maxm. self confidence , middle

Question 17

deception and role playing how to solve it ?

Answer 17

• deception is the term for not telling the participant exactly what is going to be tested and observed - so that the reaction stays quite natural.

Question 18

population and sample

Answer 18

• a population are the people a study refers to, a sample is the small group that is used for testing the hypothesis.

Question 19

generalization

Answer 19

• applying findings in every das life - beyond the situation it was tested in.

Question 20

beneficence >< maleficence

Answer 20

• beneficence : a study should always aim to do good

- maleficence : doing bad with something

Question 21

informed consent

Answer 21

• refers to the participant of a study being informed about the content of the study and signing that he/ she agrees.

Question 22

What are characteristics to scientific explanations ?

Answer 22

• rational
• testable
• strictly evaluated
• empirical
• parsimonious
• general

Question 23

What is non science?

Answer 23

• it is an academic discipline that refers to the reasoning about phenomena’s that haven’t been empirically tested yet and are just a consequence of logic.

–> the step before becoming a science