What is statistics? Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

what is statistics?

A
- brand of mathematics that deals with:
= data collection 
= summary 
= analysis 
= interpretation 
provides a bridge between the real world and the mathematical models that attempt to explain it, proving a metholdoy to assess discrepancies between reality and theoretical models
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is data?

A

raw form, doesn’t tell you anything without being manipulated in some way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is informatio?

A

covered data, used by human reader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is knowledge?

A

information that converted when users understood and internalises the info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of data?

A
  • numeric
  • text
  • visual
could be 
national level 
firm level 
product level 
individual level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does population mean?

A

complete set of individuals, objects or scores of interest

e.g. studying an phenonomn in a population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the problem with studying the population?

A

for complete knowledge you have to study every indidivudal

  • too large
  • costs (time and money)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a sample?

A

subset of population, sample may be classed as random or convinence

they are representative fo the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is sample size?

A

number of individuals of the sample

population study conducted on samples drawn from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the types of reasoning?

A

deductive
inductive
extrapolttion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is deductive reaosning?

A

from general to particular

if premises are true in entire pool.ualtion then it garuntees they will be true for sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is inductive reasoning?

A

does not garuntee certainty of concussions, may be true for population, but it is the only way to generate new knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is extrapolation reasoning?

A

estimating/conculding by assuming that existing trends will continue ]

use specific details to make general conclusion
predict future outcomes based on known facts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the deductive process?

A
deduction 
theory 
hypotheses 
observation 
confirmation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the inductive process?

A
induction 
observation 
pattern 
hypotheses 
theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is sampling?

A

process of selecting elements elements included in a sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sampling frame?

A

how you can get access

18
Q

what is theoretical sampling?

A

who do you want to generalise the study to

19
Q

what are the types of sampling?

A
  • random
  • non random
  • convienve
20
Q

what is random sampling?

A

indidivuduals randomly selected, same liklihood of being selected (equi probility)
done with replacement, each selection is independent of others

21
Q

what is non random sampling?

A

sample not random, some have higher chance of being picked than others

22
Q

what is convenience smapling/

A

people who are easy to reach or contact e.g. nearest people to you

23
Q

what is a variable?

A

symbol that can take on any specified set of values

characteirics of an item measured

24
Q

what are values?

A

results of measuring

25
what are the two levels of measurement?
qualaititave | quantitative
26
what are qualitative levels of measurement?
- nominal - dichotomous - ordinal
27
what are quantitative levels of measurement?
- ratio | - interval
28
what is nominal level of measurement?
``` qual - no intrinsic order where numbers have no value - numbers used as tags - how are you feeling 1 = good 2 = bad - categories ```
29
what is dichotomous measurement?
only two categories | yes / no
30
what is ordinal measurement?
- ranking or ordering | - without establishing the degree of variation between them
31
what is ratio measurement?
has a meaningful zero | interval data
32
what is interval data?
measured along a continuum 80-70 same as 40-30 the interval can be interpreted no absolute zero
33
what is dependant variable?
variable of primary interest not controlled by experiment (response)
34
what is the independent variable?
manipulated in an experiment (predicto)
35
what is a data table?
each column is a variable | each row is an indidivudal
36
what is the statistical cycle/
cycle of events - research design - sampling - descriptive stats - inferential stats - prediction
37
what is research design?
study begins with a previous design in whichh study goals population, variable and sample size are met
38
what are descriptive stats?
describing and summarising the info of the sample
39
what are inferential stats?
info obtained is projected on a mathematical model that intends to explain what happened ni population and the model is validated
40
how is a prediction done?
validated model form infereteial statistics is used to make predictions and draw conclusions