What is statistics?

Question 1

what is statistics?

Answer 1

- brand of mathematics that deals with:
= data collection 
= summary 
= analysis 
= interpretation 
provides a bridge between the real world and the mathematical models that attempt to explain it, proving a metholdoy to assess discrepancies between reality and theoretical models

Question 2

what is data?

Answer 2

raw form, doesn’t tell you anything without being manipulated in some way

Question 3

what is informatio?

Answer 3

covered data, used by human reader

Question 4

what is knowledge?

Answer 4

information that converted when users understood and internalises the info

Question 5

what are the types of data?

Answer 5

• numeric
• text
• visual

could be 
national level 
firm level 
product level 
individual level

Question 6

what does population mean?

Answer 6

complete set of individuals, objects or scores of interest

e.g. studying an phenonomn in a population

Question 7

what is the problem with studying the population?

Answer 7

for complete knowledge you have to study every indidivudal

• too large
• costs (time and money)

Question 8

what is a sample?

Answer 8

subset of population, sample may be classed as random or convinence

they are representative fo the population

Question 9

what is sample size?

Answer 9

number of individuals of the sample

population study conducted on samples drawn from it

Question 10

what are the types of reasoning?

Answer 10

deductive
inductive
extrapolttion

Question 11

what is deductive reaosning?

Answer 11

from general to particular

if premises are true in entire pool.ualtion then it garuntees they will be true for sample

Question 12

what is inductive reasoning?

Answer 12

does not garuntee certainty of concussions, may be true for population, but it is the only way to generate new knowledge

Question 13

what is extrapolation reasoning?

Answer 13

estimating/conculding by assuming that existing trends will continue ]

use specific details to make general conclusion
predict future outcomes based on known facts

Question 14

what is the deductive process?

Answer 14

deduction 
theory 
hypotheses 
observation 
confirmation

Question 15

what is the inductive process?

Answer 15

induction 
observation 
pattern 
hypotheses 
theory

Question 16

what is sampling?

Answer 16

process of selecting elements elements included in a sample

Question 17

what is sampling frame?

Answer 17

how you can get access

Question 18

what is theoretical sampling?

Answer 18

who do you want to generalise the study to

Question 19

what are the types of sampling?

Answer 19

• random
• non random
• convienve

Question 20

what is random sampling?

Answer 20

indidivuduals randomly selected, same liklihood of being selected (equi probility)
done with replacement, each selection is independent of others

Question 21

what is non random sampling?

Answer 21

sample not random, some have higher chance of being picked than others

Question 22

what is convenience smapling/

Answer 22

people who are easy to reach or contact e.g. nearest people to you

Question 23

what is a variable?

Answer 23

symbol that can take on any specified set of values

characteirics of an item measured

Question 24

what are values?

Answer 24

results of measuring

Question 25

what are the two levels of measurement?

Answer 25

qualaititave | quantitative

Question 26

what are qualitative levels of measurement?

Answer 26

- nominal - dichotomous - ordinal

Question 27

what are quantitative levels of measurement?

Answer 27

- ratio | - interval

Question 28

what is nominal level of measurement?

Answer 28

``` qual - no intrinsic order where numbers have no value - numbers used as tags - how are you feeling 1 = good 2 = bad - categories ```

Question 29

what is dichotomous measurement?

Answer 29

only two categories | yes / no

Question 30

what is ordinal measurement?

Answer 30

- ranking or ordering | - without establishing the degree of variation between them

Question 31

what is ratio measurement?

Answer 31

has a meaningful zero | interval data

Question 32

what is interval data?

Answer 32

measured along a continuum 80-70 same as 40-30 the interval can be interpreted no absolute zero

Question 33

what is dependant variable?

Answer 33

variable of primary interest not controlled by experiment (response)

Question 34

what is the independent variable?

Answer 34

manipulated in an experiment (predicto)

Question 35

what is a data table?

Answer 35

each column is a variable | each row is an indidivudal

Question 36

what is the statistical cycle/

Answer 36

cycle of events - research design - sampling - descriptive stats - inferential stats - prediction

Question 37

what is research design?

Answer 37

study begins with a previous design in whichh study goals population, variable and sample size are met

Question 38

what are descriptive stats?

Answer 38

describing and summarising the info of the sample

Question 39

what are inferential stats?

Answer 39

info obtained is projected on a mathematical model that intends to explain what happened ni population and the model is validated

Question 40

how is a prediction done?

Answer 40

validated model form infereteial statistics is used to make predictions and draw conclusions