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Flashcards in What's in a medicine? Deck (41)
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0
Q

Name this: (COOH)2

A

Ethanedioic acid

1
Q

What is the name of this carboxylic acid? CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH

A

3-methylbutanoic acid

2
Q

What do carboxylic acids form when they dissociate in aqueous solution?

A

oxonium ions, carboxylate ions

3
Q

What do carboxylic acids form when they react with bases?

A

Salts

4
Q

How do you form an ester?

What is the reaction called?

A

Reflux a carboxylic acid with an alcohol, using a strong acid catalyst
It is esterification reaction and is reversible

5
Q

What derivatives are formed from carboxylic acids?

A

ester, acyl chloride, amide, acid anhydride

6
Q

What is the test for phenols?

A

Neutral iron(iii) chloride solution forms a purple complex

7
Q

What is the order of acidic strength fir alchols, phenols, carboxylic acids and water?

A

ethanol, water, phenol, ethanoic acid

8
Q

Why are phenols and carboxylic acids more acidic?

A

More stable anion as the negative charge is delocalised across several atoms

9
Q

What is the reaction of phenol and NaOH?

A

Forms salt C6H5O- Na+ and water

10
Q

Reaction of ethanoic acid and Na2CO3?

A

Forms salt CH3COO-Na+, CO2 and water

11
Q

Equation for limewater test?

A

CO2+Ca(OH)2 —-> CaCO3 (cloudy precipitate + water

12
Q

How is ester hydrolysis carries out?

A

Acid hydrolysis- sulfuric acid catalyst

Alkaline hydrolysis- NaOH (forms carboxylate salt instead of acid)

13
Q

Why is alkaline hydrolysis of esters preferred?

A

The reaction goes to completion

14
Q

How do phenols form esters?

A

By reacting with acyl chlorides and rtp or acid anhydrides under reflux in anhydrous conditions for both.

15
Q

How do you name an ester?

A

The first part is from the alcohol and the second is from the acid. The carbonyl group C=O is always from the acid.

16
Q

Name this ester: HCOOCH2CH2CH3

A

Propyl methanoate

17
Q

What is the order of atom economy of reactions? (descending)

A

Rearrangement and addition, substitution and condensation, elimination.

18
Q

Equation for % atom economy?

A

Mr of useful product/ Mr of reactants x 100

19
Q

what functional group do both aldehydes and ketones contain?

A

carbonyl group C=O

20
Q

What reactants are needed to make an aldehyde?

A

Primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate

Distill off aldehyde immediately to prevent further oxidation

21
Q

What product do you get when a primary alcohol is heated under reflux with acidified potassium dichromate?

A

Carboxylic acid

22
Q

How do you make a ketone?

A

Reflux secondary alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate

23
Q

what colour change happens in this reaction and does it happen with aldehydes or ketones?
Cr2O7 (2-) + 14H+ + 6e- —> 2Cr3+ + 7H20

A

Dichromate ion is reduced, solution changes from orange to green in the presence of aldehydes (or primary and secondary alcohols)

24
Q

What is Fehling’s solution and what is it used for?

A

It is a solution of blue Cu2+ ions and alkali. It is used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones, in aldehydes the Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ turning from blue to an orange brown precipiatate. In ketones there is no colour change.

25
Q

What is used to reduce aldehydes and ketones back to their alcohols?

A

NaBH4 sodium tetrahydridoborate

26
Q

What reaction do aldehydes and ketones undergo in the presence of HCN and an alkali? What is the nucleophile?

A

Nucleophilic addition, CN-

27
Q

what is the product of the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with HCN ?

A

2-hudroxynitrile or cyanohydrin

28
Q

What is the definition of an acid?

A

a proton donor

29
Q

what is a base?

A

a proton acceptor

30
Q

what is an alkali?

A

a base that dissolves in water to produce OH- ions

31
Q

which is the acid and which is the base in this reaction?

HNO3 + H2O —> NO3-+ H3O+

A

HNO3 is acid

H2O is base

32
Q

what ions do acids become in aqueous solution?

A

oxonium ions H3O+

33
Q

What is a conjugate acid?

A

A species which in the reverse reaction accepts protons

34
Q

What does it mean if a species is amphoteric?

A

they can act as both an acid and a base

35
Q

What are strong acids and how strong is their conjugate base?

A

Powerful proton donators and a weak conjugate base

36
Q

what is the molecular ion?

A

Ion produced when the parent molecule has lost just one electron.
It is the peak with the greatest m/z on the spectrum.

37
Q

What labels are on the axis of a mass spectrum?

A

x-axis is mass to charge ratio m/z

y-axis is intensity

38
Q

what is the process by which the molecular ion breaks up?

A

fragmentation

39
Q

what does the molecular ion tell you?

A

the molecular mass of the compound

40
Q

How accurate is high resolution mass spectrometry and what is it used for?

A

4.d.p, distinguishes between compounds that appear to have the same Mr by low resolution mass spectroscopy.