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POM > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

myeloid differentiation steps for wbc?

A

pluripotent HSC –> common myeloid progenitor –> myeloblast –> granulocyte and monocyte/macrophage

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2
Q

name the granulocytes?

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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3
Q

why are granulocytes called that?

A

contain granules in cytoplasm that contain agents essential for microbicidal function

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4
Q

growth factors for granulocytes/macrophages

A

G-CSF
M-CSF
GM-CSF

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5
Q

general steps for erythrocyte formation?

A

pro erythroblast –> erythroblast –> erythrocyte

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6
Q

features of neutrophil?

A

segmented/lobulated nucleus

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7
Q

main function of neutrophil?

A

defence against infection, it phagocytoses and kills micro-organisms

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8
Q

chemotaxis?

A

steps:
marginatinated in vessel lumen
adhere to endothelium
migration into tissues

MARDi MP
migration, adhesion, rolling, diapedesis, migration, phagocytosis

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9
Q

eosinophil main function?

A

defence against parasitic infection
important in regulation of Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
inactivate histamine and leukotrienes released by basophils and mast cells

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10
Q

what do basophil granules contain?

A

histamine, heparin and proteolytic enzymes

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11
Q

basophil main function?

A

involved in a variety of immune and inflammatory responses
e.g.
mediation of hypersensitivity reaction

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12
Q

monocyte key roles?

A

phagocytosis of micro-organisms covered with antibody and complement
phagocytosis of bacteria/fungi
antigen presentation to lymphoid and other immune cells

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13
Q

macrophage?

A

formed when monocytes migrate to tissues where they develop into macrophages

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14
Q

macrophage and iron link?

A

macrophages store and release iron

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15
Q

pathway to form lymphocytes?

A

HSCs –> Common lymphoid progenitor –> NK cells, T lymphocyte/B lymphocyte

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16
Q

journey of lymphocytes?

A

recirculate to lymph nodes and other tissues and then back to blood

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17
Q

B lymphocyte development?

A

development includes Ig heavy and light chain gene rearrangement
This leads to production of surface Its against many different antigens
=humoral immunity
then, in order to mature further, they need to be exposed to antigens in lymphoid tissue e.g. lymph nodes
they will then recognise non-self antigens and produce specific Igs and antibodies

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18
Q

T lymphocyte development?

A

lymphocyte progenitors migrate from foetal liver to thymus which leads to development of T lymphocytes
= cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

NK cells function?

A

part of innate immunity
can kill tumour cells and virus-infected cells

20
Q

can you differentiate between T and B cells easily?

A

no

21
Q

what is leukocytosis?

A

elevated WBC

22
Q

transient leukocytosis?

A

suggests a secondary cause
occurs when healthy bone marrow responds to external stimulus e.g. infection, inflammation, infarction
(viral infection, parasitic infection)

23
Q

persistent leukocytosis?

A

due to a primary blood cell disorder
leukocyte count is abnormal due to acquired somatic DNA damage affecting a haematopoetic precursor cell
causes blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma or myeloma

24
Q

leukopenia?

A

reduced WBC, usually due to neutropenia as neutrophils are most abundant wbc

25
Q

neutrophilia definition causes

A

= too many neutrophils
causes: infection, inflammation, infarction
also normal in: pregnancy, following exercise and after administration of corticoids

26
Q

what can neutrophilia be accompanied by?

A

toxic changes and left shift

27
Q

what is left shift?

A

presence of early myeloid cells

28
Q

toxic granulation?

A

heavy coarse granulation of neutrophils

29
Q

chronic myeloid leukaemia

A

= myeloproliferative disorder
neutrophilia, basophilia and left shift

30
Q

why does neutrophilia occur during exercise?

A

rapid shift of neutrophils from marginated pool to circulated pool

31
Q

what might left shift look like in neutrophilia?

A

non-segmented neutrophils/neutrophil precursors in blood

32
Q

neutropenia causes?

A

following chemotherapy and radiotherapy
autoimmune disorders
severe bacterial infections
certain viral infections and drugs
might be due to ethnicity e.g. African/Afro-Caribbean ancestry

33
Q

what is a very low neutrophil count?

A

< 0.5 x 109/l

34
Q

neutrophil hypersegmentation

A

normal neutrophil has between 3 and 5 lobes
hyper segmentation is an increase = right shift
usually due to lack of B12/folic acid

35
Q

eosinophilia?

A

too many eosinophils
usually due to allergy/parasitic infection
can occur in CML

36
Q

basophilia?

A

too many basophils
usually uncommon and due to leukaemia

37
Q

monocytosis?

A

too many monocytes
usually due to infection or chronic inflammation
some types of leukaemia can cause this too

38
Q

lymphocytosis?

A

too many lymphocytes
usually due to a viral infection (transient)
can also result from lymphoproliferative disorder (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia) = PERSISTENT

39
Q

what’s an important cause of lymphocytosis in children?

A

whooping cough

40
Q

lymphopenia

A

too few lymphocytes
important causes:
HIV infection
chemotherapy
radiotherapy

41
Q

two classes of leukaemia?

A

myeloid or lymphoid, depends on what causative tissue is
leukaemic cells replace normal haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

42
Q

why does leukaemia occur?

A

a number of somatic mutations
the cell now has a growth or survival advantage over normal cells

43
Q

where are the mutations in leukaemia?

A

oncogenes/sometimes tumour suppressor genes

44
Q

which two terms are used to classify leukaemia?

A

chronic/acute
acute means sudden and severe in onset
chronic means disease and deterioration go on for a long time

45
Q

main types of leukaemia

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia

POM (15 decks)

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