Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Module 103: Theme 2 > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Lymphoid Progenitors

A

Differentiate into B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and NKC (aka large granular lymphocyte)
Differentiate from pluripotent stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Myeloid Progenitor cell

A

Differentiate into Erythroid CFU (colony forming unit), megakaryocytes, basophil CFU, eosinophil CFU, granulocyte monocyte CFU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Granulocyte - monocyte CFU

A

Differentiates into neutrophils and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Erythroid CFU differentiates into

A

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Megakaryocytes differentiate into

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Basophil CFU differentiate into

A

Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Eosinophils CFU differentiates into

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes: B cells, T cells, large granular lymphocyte

Phagocytes: monocular phagocytes, neutrophil, eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cells that produce inflammatory mediators

A

Basophils, mast cells, platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tissue cells

A

Produce interferons and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytokines

A

Produced by T cells, large granular lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes
Low molecular weight
Act as messenger molecules of the immune system
Secreted by WBC
Assist in regulating the development of immune effector cells
Act locally (paracrine signalling)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Monocular phagocytes

A

Complement the immune system and produce cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

B cells

A

Produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Auxillary cells

A

Mast cells and platelets are important in the inflammatory response
Drawn to site of tissue injury or invasion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mast cells

A

Located: tissues only
Release granules containing histamine that affects vascular permeability
Prominent in mucosal and epithelial tissue
Express: FceRI that binds to IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

RBC adult count
Platelet count
Leukocyte count

A

5 * 10^6

  1. 5 * 10^5
  2. 3 * 10^3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Percentage of neutrophils

A

50-70%

60% of circulating leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Percentage of lymphocytes

A

20-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Percentage of circulating monocytes

A

3-10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Percentage of circulating basophils

A

<1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

B + T

A

Antigen specific, NKC no antigen specific receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Basophils

A

Non -phagocytic
Lobed nuceli, heavily granulated
Function: Release pharmacologically active substances from cytoplasmic granules
Recruited to site of allergic reaction or ectoparasite infection
Express FcERI
Allergen bind to allergen specific IgE bound to the cell surface of basophils causing degranulation of effector mediators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Effector mediators produced by basophils

A

Histamine: increases vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
FcERI
Cell surface receptor that binds to the Fc region of IgE so that IgE is tethered to the surface of the basophil where it can then bind to allergens
26
Eosinophils
Have bi-lobed and granulated cytoplasm Mobile phagocytic cells that can migrate from the blood into the tissues Play a role in defence against parasitic organisms Located in tissues Express FcERI upon activation Granules in eosinophils contain toxins and peroxidases Attack parasites in GI, resp and genitourinary tracts
27
Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus Found in the blood Rapidly recruited to sites of infection/injury First responders to infection Numbers increase during bacterial infection
28
Monocytes
Kidney shaped nucleus Reservoir of monocytes in spleen Circulate in bloodstream where they enlarge Migrate to tissues approx. 8 hours after released from bone marrow Precursors to macrophages Blood-bourne phagocytes
29
Macrophages
Found in tissues 5-10 fold larger than monocytes Contains many more organelles compared to monocytes
30
Bacterial infection causes
Increased neutrophils and increased monocytes in chronic infection
31
Viral infection causes
increased lymphocytes, sometimes increased monocytes
32
Parasite infection causes
Increased eosinophils + activation of mast cells
33
Fungal infections causes
Increased monocytes
34
Allergy causes
increased basophils and activation of mast cells | increased eosinophils in chronic phase
35
Ares of atherosclerotic pathogenesis (3)
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism Endothelial cell dysfunction Inflammation
36
Inflammation
A response of vascularised tissue to infections and damaged tissue Characterised by heat, redness, pain and swelling
37
Purpose of inflammation
Brings cells and molecules involved in host defence and repair to the site of infection/injury
38
Components of inflammatory response
Blood vessels, phagocytic leukocytes, plasma proteins
39
Acute inflammation
``` Initial rapid response Develops within minutes Lasts hours/days Predominantly mediated by neutrophils Resolves once stimulus is removed ```
40
Chronic inflammation
Lasts weeks/months Predominantly mediated by mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes)Tissue destruction Attempts at healing (fibrosis)
41
Overview of inflammatory response (5)
1. Blood vessels dilate 2. Blood vessels become more permeable 3. Circulating leukocytes migrate into tissue 4. Leukocytes are activated 5. Activated leukocytes destroy microbes and unwanted material
42
Chemokines
Type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis in local responsive cells Function: attractants for leukocytes, recruiting monocytes and neutrophils to the site of infection
43
Important monocyte chemokine
Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 - aka CCL2
44
Chemotaxis
movement of cells in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance
45
Stages of recruitment of monocytes to the site of inflammation
Bind to adhesion molecules on vascular endothelium near sites of infection and gets chemokine signal Migrates into surrounding tissue Differentiates into a macrophage +migrate to infection site
46
Cell adhesion to endothelium
2 types of contact between endothelium and circulating cells : Initial contact and tighter adhesion Adhering monocytes are stimulated by MCP-1 to cross the endothelium and lodge in intima
47
Initial contact (Cell adhesion to endothelium)
P and E selectin on endothelium recognised by oligosaccharides on leukocytes
48
Oligosaccharides
Sulfated sialyl-lewis^x
49
Tighter adhesion (Cell adhesion to endothelium)
Intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) on the endothelium recognise integrins on leukocytes
50
ICAM1
intercellular adhesion molecule
51
VCAM1
Vascular cell adhesion molecule
52
VLA
Very late antigen
53
LFA
Lymphocyte function associated antigen
54
Endothelium activation
Absolute requirement for inflammation
55
How adherent/ activated platelets recruit and inflame monocytes
Release tissue factor, differentiate to macrophage, activate interleukins, adhere, chemotaxis, proteolysis
56
Pattern recognition receptors
Macrophage mannose receptors, scavenger receptors, toll like receptors
57
Activation of phagocytic cells
Phagocytic cells can recognise, ingest and destroy many pathogens These cells recognise by cell surface receptors that can discriminate between the surface molecules displayed by pathogens and host cells
58
Activation of macrophages by pathogen
Macrophage expresses receptors for many bacterial constituents Bacteria binding to macrophage receptors initiate the release of cytokines and small lipid mediators of inflammation Release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated macrophages, e.g. IL-1B, TNF -a, IL-6
59
Macrophage mannose receptor ligand
Conserved carbohydrate structures
60
Scavenger receptor ligands
Anionic polymers, acetylate and oxidised LDL
61
Toll like receptors ligand
Range of ligands for various TLRs
62
Phagocytosis
Macrophages and neutrophils produce a number of toxic products that help kill the engulfed microbe Neutrophils are short-lived cells, dying soon after phagocytosing: dead and dying neutrophils are a major component of the pus that forms in some infections Macrophages are long-lived and continue to generate new lysosomes The microbicidal machinery of the phagocyte is in the organelles known as lysosomes. This compartmentalisation is necessary to protect the cell, but also to maintain an environment in which the molecules perform effectively
63
Atherogenesis
Damage of endothelium and deposition of lipid: 1. production of chemokines and cytokines 2. Recruitment of monocytes 3. Develop into macrophages/foam cells 1. Potential exposure of collagen 2. Platelet activation and coagulation

Module 103: Theme 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions