White blood cells

Question 1

What is another name fro white blood cells?

Answer 1

Leucocyte

Question 2

What are the 2 main types of white blood cells?

Answer 2

GRANULOCYTES-neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils - have granuales in their cytoplasm which release agents to kill MOs MONOCYTES- can differentiate into macrophages

Question 3

What causes the reproduction and survival of myeloid cells?

Answer 3

MYELOID GROWTH FACTORS: -G-CSF-granulocyte colony stimulating factor(encourgaes the production of granulocytes) -M-CSF-macrophage colony stimulating factor(encourages the production of monocytes then macrophages) -GM-CSF- granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor(stimulates production of all)

Question 4

What is the name for the production of granulocytes?

Answer 4

granulopoiesis

Question 5

What are the meanings of the names of the granulocytes ?

Answer 5

Basophil-takes up BASic dyes(alkaline) Eosinophil-takes up dye called EOSIN Neutrophil-takes up BASIC and ACIDIC dyes in a neutral way

Question 6

Where do neutrophils work and what is the exception?

Answer 6

-usually in tissues -if bacteria is circulating the blood(bacterimia) the neutrophil will enter blood to phagocytose them but they can only survive 7-10 hours in the blood so then they return to the tissues

Question 7

What does a neutrophil look like?

Answer 7

Has a SEGMENTED NUCLEUS(lobulated)

Question 8

What is the job of a neutrophil?

Answer 8

to phagocytose and kill microorganisms

Question 9

How do neutrophils leave the blood stream and enter tissue?

Answer 9

1-CHEMOTAXIS-cytokines released by tissues to attract neutrophils 2-STICK-neutrophils become marginated in vessel lumen and stick to the endothelium 3-ROLL-Neutrophils roll on endothelial then come out of a capillary wall via a process called DIAPODIESIS 4-MIGRATE- they migrate in the tissues and phagocytose any bad bacteria/dead tissue

Question 10

What is the appearence of the eosinophil?

Answer 10

-Large RED/ORANGE granuales

Question 11

What is the function of the eosinophil?

Answer 11

defense against PASASITE infection

Question 12

What is the appearance of a basophil?

Answer 12

-highly granulated

Question 13

What is the function of a basophil?

Answer 13

Granuales contain: ANTICOAGULANTS-HEPARIN and HISTAMINE PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES-break down tissues -is involved in IMMUNE RESPONSE and INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES

Question 14

What is the role of a monocyte?

Answer 14

-ingest bacteria and presents the antigens on its surface to alert the lymphoid cells

Question 15

Why do monocytes migrate into tissues?

Answer 15

to develop into macrophages

Question 16

What is the function of the macrophage?

Answer 16

-phagocytic -store and release of iron that it gets when it ingests cells

Question 17

What happened to the iron ingested by the macrophages?

Answer 17

turned into storage iron-FERRATIN and HAEMOCYDRIN When needed it is exported to the bone marrow +uses to develop erythroblasts

Question 18

What are the 2 kinds of storage iron?

Answer 18

Ferratin haemocydrin

Question 19

What does a cytotoxic T-cell and natural killer cell have in its cytoplasm?

Answer 19

cytotoxic granuales

Question 20

What is a lymphocyes and where does it function?

Answer 20

a form of small leucocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus -mainly in the tissues but also recirculates to the LYMPH NODES and then reenter bloodstream. This is good because if they meet an antigen in one tissue +respond to it they can enter the circulation and respond more quickly to that antigen in other parts of the body

Question 21

What do B cells look like?

Answer 21

-bigger than small lymphocyte -half the cell is nucleus -next to the nucleus is paler area called the GOLGI ZONE where antibody is being produced in the ER

Question 22

What is the innate immune system?

Answer 22

• means immune response is already present -the lymphocyte does not have had to encounter the antigen before in order to recognise it and respond to it

Question 23

What is leucocytosis and leucopenia?

Answer 23

leucocytosis-too many white cells : neutrophilia, lymphytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, basophilia Leucopenia-reduction in white blood cells from normal usually caused by neutropenia(reduction in neutrophils) as this is the majority of white blood cells

Question 24

What can be the causes of neutrophilia?

Answer 24

-infection -inflamation -infarction -other tissue damage -myeloproliferative neoplasms(chronic myeloid leukaemia) -pregnancy -vigourous excercise(because lots of neutrophils are stuck to the endothelium in the marginated pool of vessels but exercising pushes them into the flowing blood stream) -drugs e.g. corticosteroids

Question 25

What can accompany neutrophilia?

Answer 25

TOXIC CHANGES: -toxic granulation -vacuolation(development of vacuoles) -nucleus is in BAND FORM (like immature neutrophils) LEFT SHIFT: -things early in the sequence of neutrophil maturation are in the blood-neutrophil precursors -increase in NON-SEGEMENTED neutrophils known as band forms -may even see earlier versions

Question 26

What causes neutropenia?

Answer 26

Conditions-e.g chemotherapy and radiotherapy, autoimmune conditions, severe bacterial infections, viral infections, some drugs Ethnic origin-lower in african/ afro-caribbean ancestory

Question 27

What is the risk of neutropenia and what following actions should be taken?

Answer 27

serious infection -urgent treatment with IV antibiotics

Question 28

What is the lower limit for neutrophil volume in the blood?

Answer 28

0.5 x10^9/L

Question 29

What is the hyper-segmented neutrophil and what could this mean?

Answer 29

-increase in average number of neutrophil lobes -the normal is between 3-5 -sign of B12 and Folic acid defficiency

Question 30

What is lymphocytosis and what causes it?

Answer 30

-too many lymphocytes Due to: -viral infection -Leukaemia -bacterial infections like wooping cough causes it in children

Question 31

What are the 3 main types of lymphocytes?

Answer 31

B-cells T-cells Natural Killer Cells

Question 32

What causes lymphopenia?

Answer 32

-HIV infection -chemotherapy -Radiotherapy -Cortciosteroids -patients with severe infection

Question 33

What is monocytosis and what causes it?

Answer 33

-too many monocytes Due to: -infection -chronic inflammation -some types of leukaemia

Question 34

What causes Eosinphilia?

Answer 34

-allergic reaction-asthma, eczema, drugs -parasite infection -leukaemia

Question 35

What is basophilia caused by?

Answer 35

leukaemia or related condition