Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Blood and defence > White blood cells > Flashcards

White blood cells Flashcards

(70 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the granulocytes (in order of abundance)?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different mononuclear cells (in order of abundance)?

A

T cell, Monocyte, B cell, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are granulocytes or mononuclear cells more dense?

A

Granulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the different types of lymphocytes?

A

T, B and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is lymphocytes role?

A

Underpin adaptive immunity, act with Igs and complement to instigate immunity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Innate immune response

Contribute to inflammatory process

Actively ingest invading pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the cell types in the innate response?

A

Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe how chromosomal material is packed in neutrophils

A

2-5 distinct lobes hence polymorphonuclear leucocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe staining patterns of neutrophils

A

Don’t stain with eosin or basic dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How long do neutrophils live for?

A

Roughly 10 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are neutrophils cleared by?

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are neutrophils antigen presenting?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are neutrophils effector cells?

A

Identify, phagocytose and kill microorganisms especially bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distinguish between macrophages and neutrophils

A

Macrophages are not blood cells. Neutrophils are first attracted to a site and they proliferate before being phagocytosed by macrophages. Then macrophages dominate infected sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are neutrophils sensitive to?

A

Chemotactic factors from bacteria attracting them to infection site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is pus?

A

Accumulation of WBCs (esp neutrophils), dead pathogens, cellular debris from collateral damage to host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe how neutrophils arise

A

From myeloid cells via granulocyte stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe cytoplasm of neutrophil

A

Packed with granules and lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do secondary granules in neutrophils contain?

A

Contain enzymes (e.g. collagenase) that lyse cells and digest their contents or deprive them of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do granules in neutrophils release their contents into?

A

Phagolysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does primary granule do?

A

Contains enzymes that generate toxic oxidative species e.g. hydrogen peroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe staining pattern of eosinophils?

A

Stain orange pink with eosin (abundant basic protien)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of eosinophils?

A

Increased production in chronic allergic conditions (e.g. asthma: degranulation these cells target bronchi causing wheezing) or parasitic infection (e.g. hookworm) - may protect against damaging effects of long-standing allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do eosinophils passively absorb, why?

A

IgE to give them receptors to recognise specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are exocytosed substances in eosinophils stored in?
Large, dense, ovoid granules
26
Describe structure of eosinophils
Similar to neutrophil but larger with 2-3 lobed nucleus
27
What are basophils homologues to?
Homologues in blood of mast cells in tissue
28
Where are basophils rarely found?
Peripheral blood (they enter blood and tissues and become mast cells)
29
What do mast cells do?
Recruit other inflammatory cells to site of infectoin | release histamine which increases blood flow and vascular permeability (e.g. in allergic reaction)
30
Describe appearance of basophil(microscope)
Basophils nuclei obscured when stained | Packed with histamine (vasoactive) and heparin granules which obscure nuclei
31
What do basophils stain with?
Basic dye
32
What do basophils produce on activation?
Interleukins IL4 and IL13
33
Describe the appearance of monocytes
No obvious granules, nucleus kidney shaped
34
What are monocytes precursors of?
Macrophages in inflamed tissue
35
What are monocytes derived from?
Myeloid cells, they circulate in blood in quiescent form
36
What are the different sort of macrophages that monocytes can form?
Resident macrophages (e.g. Kupffer cells in liver) Alveolar macrophages in the lung Langerhan's cell in skin, freshly migrate from blood
37
What do macrophages do?
Phagocytose and kill organisms Remove tissue debris (e.g. collagenase) allowing effective repair Involved in homeostasis and remodelling (phagocytose apoptopic bodies)
38
What are natural killer cells derived from?
Lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow
39
What do natural killer cells contain?
Scattered granules
40
What do natural killer cells do?
Immune surveillance: patrol body for missing cell surface molecules, can destroy cells that are infected by viruses or are cancerous
41
Describe granules in lymphocytes
Not obvious
42
What are the two branches of adaptive immunity? Compare them.
Humoral (antibody mediated): - Initiated by B cells - B cells respond, amplify in numbers then develop to antibody forming plasma cells - B cells need T cells help to make antibody Cell mediated - T cells - Defence against intracellular invaders (e.g. killer T cells)
43
What are lymphocytes induced by?
Antigen presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissue
44
How do different lymphocytes differentiate?
Pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into lymphoid stem cells in response to inflammatory mediators and GFs whose release is stimulated by infection. Lymphoid stem cells differentiate to B cells, NK, T cells
45
What do B cells mature into?
Antibody producing cells (plasma cells)
46
What are the different roles of T cells?
Distinguish between healthy self cells and foreign/diseased cells. Helper T cells (cd4): help B cells produce antibodies Killer T cells (cd8): kill cells e.g. infected by viruses Regulatory T cell: regulate immune response
47
What is the role of B cells?
Undergo clonal selection and mature into antibody producing plasma cells mediate humoral response of adaptive immunity
48
Where do lymphoid cells differentiate into B cells and T cells?
B cells: bone marrow | T cells: thymus
49
What do mature lymphocytes gravitate to apart from blood and migrating into tissue?
Gravitate via lymphatic system to secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and spleen)
50
What happens when mature lymphocytes reach secondary lymphoid organs?
They encounter antigen presenting cell and proliferate so generate more lymphocytes, hence localised swelling of nodes during infection.
51
How are phagocytes derived?
Haemopoietic stem cell differentiate to myeloid progenitor cell Myeloid stem cell fate determined by abundance of granuloyte, monocyte etc
52
What are features of small lymphocytes (memory cells)?
Quiescent, non dividing, awaiting activation by antigen
53
What do small lymphocytes do?
Monitor tissues for antigens, recirculate continously through tissues by migration through post capillary venules and via tissue fluid, lymphatics, lymph nodes and back into blood. Respond to specific antigens from antigen presenting cells, then numbers expand after stimulation
54
What do stem cells in adult red bone marrow do?
Self renew
55
What are similarities and difference between basophil and mast cells?
Mast cells in connective tissue, basophil in blood. Basophil nuclei lobed, mast cell nuclei round. Both contain histamine and heparin granules. Basophil can be recruited from blood into tissue when needed. Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE) becomes bound to mast cells and basophil facilitates histamine release
56
How do T cells activate B cells?
Bind to antigen processed by macrophage | Then release cytokines
57
What is the conc of cells per litre of leucocytes?
7 x 10^9
58
What percentage of WBCs are basophils?
<1%
59
What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?
40-70%
60
What percentage of WBCs are lymphocytes?
20-40%
61
What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?
3%
62
What percentage of WBCs are monocytes?
6%
63
A cell of the blood that gives rise through migration to macrophages...
Monocyte
64
What do neutrophils do at sites of inflammation?
Adhere to endothelium at sites of inflammation
65
What is a leucocyte?
A white (blood) cell. There are several types, all amoeboid cells with a nucleus, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes
66
What is the nuclei of small lymphocytes like?
Dark - heterochromatic
67
Neutrophil granulocyte size?
Diameter about 15µm
68
Do neutrophil granules contain mainly histamine?
No
69
How to measure neutrophil turnover in vivo?
Label them with DFP
70
What is ~ neutrophil turnover?
1.5 x 10^9 cells/kg/day,

Blood and defence (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions