Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GES 401 > White's Lectures > Flashcards

White's Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Reservoir Sizes in Order

A

Oceans > ice caps/glaciers > groundwater > lakes > rivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much of Ocean is Deep Water

A

95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Summary of Solar Radiation

A

Solar radiation heats the Earth unevenly.

The amount absorbed varies with latitude (more in equator, less in higher latitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Global Energy Balance Summary

A

Incident solar energy must be balanced by the amount of energy loss to space.

SST: Heat in - Heat Out

At the equator, incident is greater than heat loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Source of Salt ions

A

Continental weathering
Release of matter from planet’s interior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is average Salinity and why are there variations?

A

35

imbalance between precipitation and evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 circulation types and what are they driven by?

A
  1. Surface water: winds
  2. Deep Water: temperature and density gradients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is wind direction and water motion controlled by ?

A

Friction between atmo. & underlying sea surface

Configuration of continental masses and oceanic basins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Surface Mixed Layer Stratification

A

15-300 m
18-30˚C
Temperature and salinity are both constant due to physical mixing by wind and waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Region of Rapid Change Stratification

A

Depth varies depending on environment
Temperature and salinity rapidly changes (T decreases, S increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Deep Water Stratification

A

Temperature and density (or salinity) is constant
Mean temperature of deep ocean is 3˚C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does thermal stratification prevent?

A

mixing of surface and deep waters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does thermohaline circulation work?

A

Polar oceans (high latitudes)

Winter: fresh water freezes out of surface water, makes water saltier/colder/higher density seawater which sinks to the deep ocean (downwelling)

Summer: ice melts causing surface waters to be less dense and more stable, less downwelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Global Conveyor Belt

A

New deep water formed in the higher latitudes
Upwelling occurs in the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans
Coasts as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are 2 important factors in Deep waters

A
  1. nutrient rich
  2. CO2 more soluble in colder waters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is MRT, and what does it stand for

A

Mean Residence Time,

MRT = reservoir quantity/ flux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can Tr times be found?

A

transient tracers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the residence times of diff oceans from carbon dating

A

Atlantic Oceans: 275 years
Pacific Oceans : 510 years ( bc bigger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the top 5 ions in ocean?

A

Sodium
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium
Strontium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 8 processes that remove ions from seawater?

A

CBBDEHRR

Cyclic Sea Salts
Burial
Biogenic Removal
Deposition
Evaporites
Hydrothermal Vents
River borne clays
Reverse Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is most Na and Cl removed?

A

pore water burial, sea spray, evaporite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is Mg2+ removed?

A

Hydrothermal vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are Ca2+ and SO42- removed?

A

deposition in biogenic sediment

24
Q

How is K removed?

A

Clay mineral exchange, reverse weathering

25
Q

What happens to sequestered ions?

A

ocean sediments subducted into the mantle

nonvolatile: melted under pressure and converted into primary silicate minerals

Volatile: released as volcanic gases

26
Q

Basic Defintion of El Nino

A

year to year variation in ocean currents that can affect biogeochem and global climate

27
Q

where does El Nino occur?

A

central pacific ocean

28
Q

brief description of El Nino

A

normal : tradewinds e–>w
displaced warm surface waters in E pacific drives upwellingof cold bottom waters along the west coast of S and N america. 3-5 years the surface transport breaks down into ENSO, fisheries collapse

29
Q

What are effects of El Nino

A

less nutrients being upwelled, fisheries collapse

30
Q

is rainfall high or low during El Nino

A

above average, dry by the end, and driest 1/2 year later. water supply decrease leads to other issues

31
Q

What happens during La Nina

A

upwelling of deep water = lower atmo temp over N hemisphere–> increased Co2 release to atmo from upwelling

32
Q

Consequences of El Nino-La Nina cycles

A
  • add variation to global temp, difficult to perceive GH affect
  • el Nino: more rainfall at a peak with lessening following positive ENSO indices
  • weaker trades, warmer waters, increased storm following transition from El Nino
33
Q

what drives the formation of central gyres and upwelling

A

wind driven surface currents

34
Q

what causes ENSO

A

changes in surface current and upwelling patterns–> global climate change

35
Q

What are important uses of Carbon

A

-building blocks of biomass
-GHG effect
-influence acidity of ocean (pH)
-distribution of CO2 species affects preservation of CaCo3 deposit on the sea floor

36
Q

what are CO2 emissions

A

compressed, decayed bodies of phytoplankton

37
Q

brief explanation of ocean acidification

A

-1/2 of of anthropogenic CO2 exists in the upper 400 m of the ocean
-CO2 reacts with water and causes release of H+, decreases pH (more acidic)

38
Q

what are primary producers

A

-small, reproduce rapidly, consumed whole
-most planktons are so small, water is more viscous and diffusion drives nutrients to cells
suspension feeding is common

39
Q

summary of primary production

A

mainly along coasts ( nutrient runoff and input)
not in gyres bc of stratification and no nutrients
most marine DOC is derived from marine photosynthesis

40
Q

Basic Nitrogen facts

A

-an essential limiting nutrient
-range of valence states
-microbial reactions drive the N cycle

41
Q

Nitrogen Reservoirs in order

A

Atmosphere > Soil Organic Matter > Terrestrial biomass > Total Oceans > Ocean Dissolved N2 gas > Ocean biota

42
Q

What is the most abundant form of N?

A

N2 in atmosphere

43
Q

what does “fixed “ mean

A

oxidized

44
Q

What is the reverse of nitrogen fixation?

A

Denitrification

45
Q

what is annual terrestrial requirement of N ?

A

1200 x 10^12 g N/year

46
Q

What is Nitrogen Fixation? (oceanic)

A

aerobic prokaryotic metabolisms occurring in well lit surface waters

47
Q

What is oceanic denitrification?

A

anaerobic metabolism whereas certain microbes use NO3 as an electron acceptor to respire organic matter in suboxic zones

48
Q

what is the carbonate saturation depth ?

A

depth at which the dissolution of calcium carbonate beings or the depth at which seawater is undersaturated wrt calcium carbonate

49
Q

What is Carbonate compensation depth (ccd)?

A

the depth where the downward flux of carbonate balances the rate of dissolution, so there are no carbonate sediments

50
Q

Why is the pacific more acidic than the atlantic?

A

plz answer

51
Q

The differences between aragonite and calcite

A
  • both forms of calcium carbonate
    -different solubilities
    -aragonite is less stable in acid
52
Q

Differences between aragonite and calcite saturation depths

A

aragonite saturation depths are shallowed than calcite bc of higher solubility of aragonite

53
Q

Why are there differences between pacific/Atlantic ocean for CaCo3 preservation?

A
  • pacific is more corrosive due to higher Co2 concentrations
    -longer Tr , picks ups shit along the way
54
Q

Explain nutrient cycling in the ocean

A
  • NPP limited bc of nutrient availability
    -nutrients stripped by dead animals and shit
    -surface ocean Tr of N, P, Si is less than deep water bc non-conservative, biogeochem
    -nutrients regenerated in the deep ocean ( microbe resp)
    -Pac Ocean con > Atlantic bc older
55
Q

Definition of Conservative Element

A

-non reactive
-remain long time
-K, Na, S, Cl , Br, Sr , B

56
Q

Definition of Non Conservative Element

A

reactive
C, P, Fe

57
Q
A

GES 401 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions