Whitechapel Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
How was Whitechapel workhouses segregated?
A
Men and women were seperate
Vagrants were seperate from long-term residents so they weren’t bad influences
2
Q
What hard labour was done at Whitechapel Workhouses?
A
Menial labour such as breaking rocks or picking oakum
3
Q
How many people were housed in South Grove Workhous Whitechapel and how many beds on it’s casual ward?
A
About 400 people in the Workhouse and 60 beds for those just staying a night or two
4
Q
Who were Workhouses in Whitechapel for?
A
Men and women with no job or home
Orphaned children
Unmarried pregnant women
The physically or mentally sick
The elderly
5
Q
Was the Whitechapel Workhouse good for children?
A
It provided them with shelter but they got no skills for their future such as writing or reading.
6
Q
What type of environment was Whitechapel?
A
An industrial and urban environment as suffered from pollution
7
Q
What is smog and what was its nickname?
A
Smog was smoke and fog that meant you couldn’t see you hand in front of your own face
It’s nickname was pea soupers as had a greenish colour
8
Q
Where were the immigrants in Whitechapel originally from?
A
Ireland
Central and Eastern Europe
Russian, Polish and German Jews
9
Q
What was sanitation in houses like in Whitechapel like?
A
Terrible houses shared an outside dirty water pump. Normally the toilets would also be shared at the end of the street.
10
Q
What was Whitechapel’s most famous factory?
A
Bell foundry were Big Ben was made
11
Q
What types of sweated trades did the residents of Whitechapel work in?
A
Tailoring, shoe-making or match making
12
Q
What factory were matches made in, in Whitechapel?
A
Bryant and May factory
13
Q
What were working condition in Whitechapel like?
A
Cramped, poorly lit, wages were poor and hours were long
14
Q
What did working in the match factory cause and what was its nickname?
A
It caused bone cancer from phosphorous poisoning or ‘Fossy Jaw’
15
Q
What type of jobs were ‘navvies’
A
Working in railway construction or as labourers on the London Docks
16
Q
What happen to the economy after the 1870s?
A
It became increasingly more depressed and unemployment was growing
17
Q
What did people help to escape from their terrible lives?
A
Drink alcohol especially gin and do drugs such as opioids
18
Q
How many brothels and prositutues were there in 1888 in Whitechapel?
A
62 brothels and 1,200 prositutes
19
Q
Why did people turn to prositution?
A
Because there was little work for women and they got a loaf of bread or three pence in return so they could feed their family
20
Q
What type of area was Whitechapl and what did this mean?
A
Whitechapel was a dock area so it was ever changing and sailors would stay in Whitechapel normally for a few weeks and then leave.
21
Q
What did poor sanitation in Whitechapel lead to?
A
Disease such as typhus, tuberculosis and cholera that were also shared easily
22
Q
What was overcrowding like in Whitechapel?
A
Really bad for example a census for 3 Buck’s row showed a family of ten people living in one very small house.
23
Q
What were slums know as in Whitechapel?
A
Rookeries
24
Q
Were rookeries overcrowded?
A
Yes for example in 1877 one rookery contained 123 rooms and 757 people
25
What was the layout of Whitechapel like?
Houses built close together with narrow, hardly lit streets.
26
What was sanitation in the streets on Whitechapel like?
Poor normally open sewers with sewage running in them were in the middle of the streets and rubbish was tipped into the streets
27
What were wages like for workers in Whitechapel?
Poor and if worked in factory often their rent would be deducted directly and part of their wages could only be spent in factory shop.
28
What were well off Victorians view of Whitechapel?
They were ignorant of it and believe it was the outcome of sin in the lower classes
29
What did the government do to scare people away from the workhouses?
Made the people in the workhouses were uniforms, so hard labour and could even be hardly punished for talking
30
Name some lodging/doss houses in Whitechapel?
The Victoria homes on Commercial street and Whitechapel road, rookery in Flower and Dean street with 31 doss houses and 902 lodges
31
How many people could be in a room at a Doss house?
18 to 20
32
What was the price for a double bed in Doss house?
6 to 8d
33
What was the price for a single bed in a Doss house?
4d
34
What was the price for a rope in a Doss house?
2d
35
What was the three relay system at a Doss house?
When each person was allowed eight hours of sleep in the bed, taking turns with two other people in a trio
36
Up to how many people would you find in one apartment in Whitechapel?
Up to 30 people
37
What to did apartments in Whitechapel, not consider?
Safety or attractiveness as we built cheaply
38
Who stayed in apartments and how big were they in Whitechapel?
Poor families stayed in apartments and someone no bigger than one room
39
Why did Booth make us poverty map?
Because when he was allocating the Lord Mayor’s relief fund, which is a pot of money to help the poor, he realised census documents were insufficient
40
What did Booth do after realising the census documents were insufficient?
He undertook sociological research project to record poverty levels, living conditions, employment, and religious faith and made a poverty map
41
What kind of people helped booth with his research?
80 researchers including people from Toynbee hall, a social establishment in London
42
What will Booth’s poverty be useful for?
Target to specific areas of poverty, so you can help educate and feed those there
43
What act did Parliament pass in 1875?
The Artisans Dwelling Act
44
What did the Artisan Dwellings Act do?
It was apart of London’s earliest slum clearance programs to help replace them with better housing
45
What was the Peabody estate?
An area of Whitechapel that was sold to the Peabody trust which built 11 blocks of flats that contained 286 apartments
46
What did the Peabody estate help do?
Provided better living accommodations with communal sanitary facilities and reduced overcrowding.
47
What did you have to be to be able to stay in the Peabody estate?
Had to be steady work and not involved with our alcoholism this help would reduce crimes such as the main crime in Whitechapel, drunk and disorderly
48
How many people around about benefited from the Peabody fund?
Nearly 10,000 people
49
When did Thomas Bernardo set up his ragged school?
1867
50
What was Thomas Bernardi‘s ragged school for?
Poor children who had lost her parents, so they could get a basic education
51
Who was Jim Jarvis?
A boy who showed Thomas Bernardo, the East End and children, sleeping and gutters
52
Why and when did Thomas Bernardo start up his first home boys?
Thomas Bernardo set up his first home for boys in 1870 on Stepney Causeway because he didn’t want them living out on the streets
53
What did the boys and girls learn at Bernardo’s home?
Boys learnt carpentry, metal work, and shoes making able the boys to secure apprenticeships and work and girls learn domestic skills so they could make their way in the world
54
Who was John Somers?
A boy who Bernardo had to turn away because his shelter was full, but was two days later found dead
55
What did this lead to Bernardo vowing?
That he would never turn child away
56
When and where did Bernardo open the girls village home?
In 1876, in Barkingside, Essex and it has 1500 girls
57
By the time, Bernardo died in 1905, how many Bernardo homes were there?
There were 100 Bernardo homes nationally, caring on average for 85 children, each
58
What did Bernardo’s organisation produce?
Transformation photos of the children attracting wealthy benefactors
59
When and what did Bernardo admit about the transformation photos?
In July 1877, Bernado said he took artistic license but only because he wanted to depict the individuals as representative of their social class
60
Who were the French Huguenots immigrants?
They were protestants that fled France during religious wars and by the 19th century there was 20,000 of them
61
What were the French Huguenots experience?
They settled in Spitalfields in East End, and their main profession was weaving overtime they simulated into English society
62
Why did the Irish come to London?
For paid agricultural work in the summer and casual but along the weather in the winter 18th century
63
What was the Irish immigrants experience?
The community was disliked for having the linguistics and religious difference to the English for example an MP Lord George Gordon instigated anti-Catholic riots in 1870 and 700 died due to this
64
What happened to the Irish population of immigrants in East End between 1841 and 1851?
It grew tremendously as the first settlers didn’t have enough money to move to America, so worked in labouring jobs on the canals, roads, railway and docks giving themselves the name navvies
65
Why was there more hate for the Irish community?
Because violence was common within the community and it was often alcohol fuelled
66
How many Jewish immigrants were there in London?
The Jewish community been coming to London since mid 1600s, but due to the collapse of Poland in 1835 and in 1881 the assassination of Tsar Alexander ll in Russia by 1891 around 30,000 Jews came increasing the population by 95%
67
What were the Jewish communities experience in Whitechapel?
Local shopkeepers felt Jews were trying to drive out of business as they worked on Sundays due to it not being there holy day. They were also suspicious about their different rules on food clothing, there languages and resented their success.
68
What jobs did Jewish immigrants have in Whitechapel?
Many Jewish immigrants run tailoring businesses, and they followed government rules about fair work conditions and usually employed new Jewish immigrants
69
Where did Jewish immigrants live in Whitechapel?
The Jewish community lived and work together in Mile end, Stepney and Spitalfields. Early 1890s many chervots and synagogues have been set up.
70
Who were the Fenians?
They were Irish nationalism group that wanted to be free from British government control in Ireland and organised the Fenian dynamites campaign between 1867 and 1885
71
How did the Fenians increase prejudice towards Irish people in White Chapel?
Irish immigrants were all seen as Fenians or possible traitors, and in the police was a special branch formed to counter Irish terrorism not Fenian terrorism
72
Who were the anarchists?
They were Russian revolutionaries, who wanted to overthrow governments so people could live lives without laws, and wanted greater rights to workers unions
73
What did the anarchist do in London?
They fled to London, after a failed revolution in Paris in 1871, and operated with existing social groups, there was an anarchist Congress in London, 1881, and rumours that Nicolay Vasiliev, Russian anarchist Jew, was a violent murderer living in England.
74
How did the anarchists lead to prejudice towards immigrants in Whitechapel?
All Russian and Eastern European Jews were considered to be potential radical anarchists. In 1897 a special branch in the police began undercover surveillance of Eastern European revolutionaries.
75
Who are the socialists?
People who believed in better right for workers, and the ending of capitalism, founded the socialist democratic federation in Britain and had a newspaper called Arbeter Fraint or the workers friend.
76
How did the socialist lead to prejudice, immigrants and Whitechapel?
All German and Middle European Jews were considered socialist and there was tension between the SDF and the police as they wished to show how bad they thought the government was
77
What led up to Bloody Sunday?
The SDF organised a meeting for 13 November 1887 August to protest against the government. However, the government and police decided to stop the meeting, but the SDF went ahead with it with 30,000 people and Trafalgar Square and 10,000 protesters
78
What actually happened on bloody Sunday?
When the police realised the meeting was going ahead 2000 police, and 400 troops were deployed, and even though they were ordered not to open the fire, they fought and rioters as well as police were injured leading to 400 arrested and 50 detained.
79
What happened following bloody Sunday?
The following Sunday 20th of November there was another event with casualties among them Alfred Linnell was killed by a police horse his funeral on was a focus for these movements and on 20 February 1888 those imprisoned where released and celebrated 
80
How did the media discriminate against Jews?
Newspapers, such as the East London, Observer, and the Pall Mall Gazette published anti- Jewish features, whereas the Lloyds Weekly News and the Illustrated Police News produced stereotypical caricatures of Jews
81
In 1888, was there still tensions between immigrants and local communities?
Yes, street violence was common between eastern European and Irish groups, anti-semitic ideas and beating of Jews was common. Two Parliamentary committees were formed to investigate this, which created more tension.
82
What was the belief of the residuum?
That there was a criminal underclass who were natural born criminals who persued the hard-working and lived off them. So areas like white chapel were breeding grounds for a potential crime wave that could engulf London, as residuum drew poor people into crime.
83
What were the penny dreadful?
19th century cheaply produced booklets telling stories of adventure, fear and dread
84
By the mid 1800s how many publishers of penny fiction were the?
up to 100
85
What type of criminals did they write about?
At first highway men and evil aristocrats but then more true crime stories about murderers
86
What was the most successful true crime penny dreadful called?
The String Of Pearls by Sweeney Todd about a 'Demon Barber' published in 1846
87
What was the popular penny dreadful called published in 1865
The Boy Detective a 70 part penny dreadful in which the hero and focus was someone who solves the crimes
88
How would publications like the Penny Dreadfuls and the sensationalised newspapers make the public nervous?
They would be cautious and more scared of crime as they now had examples of what could happen to them
89
How would stories like these enhance the Victorian idea of 'residuum'?
People would believe in it more as they now had examples of criminals planning out the murders which they may see as evil and non-human like
90
How would publication like these have an influence upon the public reaction to the Ripper's activities?
The public would follow the Ripper cases more closely to make sure they didn't become his next victim
91
How might the public's response to the Ripper crimes be a problem for the police?
They may try to get involved with the crimes and disrupt their investigation by trying solve it themselves
92
What was the most common crime in Whitechapel and how many people committed it?
Drunk and Disorderly with 545 people committing it
93
Why do you think Drunk and Disorderly was the most common crime in Whitechapel?
Because people were so poor they turned to alcohol and opioids to help cope with there bad lives and them would get aggressive
94
What were protection rackets?
When gangs demanded money for protection from small business and those who didn't pay had their property destroyed
95
Name some gangs in Whitechapel?
Bessarbian Tigers
Odessians
Strutton Ground Boys
96
What was the provision of drugs and alcohol like in Whitechapel?
In one mile road of Whitechapel there was 45 building selling alcohol and multiple opium dens
97
What was an lock-in?
Something that pubs would host illegally where you drank outside of licensed hours, gambled ,or had boxing matches
98
What was gang warfare?
Where different gangs fought over protection rackets causing violence
99
How did prostitution lead to crime?
Prostitution lead crime because the women were very vulnerable and could get hurt
100
When was the metropolitan police force founded and what was its nickname?
1829 and it’s nickname was the MET
101
Who was in charge of the MET?
The home secretary
102
Why was the London County Council not allowed to take control of the MET?
Because it was thought to have too many socialist members and links to the working class
103
By 1885 how many men worked in the MET and how many were available at any one time?
13,319 men worked for the MET but only 1,383 were available any one time
104
What was the size of the population of the MET policed and why was this a problem?
They were expected to police a population of just over 5 million in London so had insufficient manpower to perform properly
105
When was the CID established?
The criminal investigation department, or CID was establishing, 1878
106
Who was a CID’s founder and what was his previous job?
Sir Charles Edward Howard Vincent and his previous job was a lawyer, but he spent a year studying Parisian detective methods
107
What was the CID made up of?
216 officers specifically for detective duties
108
Did detection standards improve?
Vincent tries to encourage plain clothes for detectives and for the men to try to investigate and prevent crimes. However standards didn’t improve till after the Ripper investigation.
109
Who was the MET commissioner in 1886 and he was appointed by?
The MET commissioner was Sir Charles Warren, and he was appointed by the home secretary Richard Assheton Cross
110
What does that make people think about the connection between the police and the government?
It made people think that the MET were just government in uniform
111
What division of the MET did Whitechapel come under?
H-division
112
What are the strengths and weaknesses of the MET?
It had a lot of people working for it, but only 1/13 were available at one time
113
What were the strength and weaknesses of the CID?
It was small and ineffective and unsure of its aims, but the founder used to be a lawyer and was trained in Paris, so had a high-level of knowledge.
114
How much training were policeman given?
They were given two weeks of training in military drill, and one week of ‘beat’ duty alongside of more experience constable
115
Why did policeman wear blue black uniform?
To differentiate themselves from the army so making them more trustworthy
116
What was the policeman’s uniform like?
An 1863 they were given a custodian helmet, tough collar to stop knives, collar studs showing the constable ID number and stout boots for walking
117
What did the policeman carry with them?
A lamp, handcuffs, a police diary and a truncheon to defend themselves
118
What was walking the beat?
When constable expected to walk a piece of 2 1/2 mph to arrive at certain points, so crime was been watched everywhere
119
Who was H division head by?
Superintendent, Thomas Arnold
120
What was every division of the MET split into?
The uniform who concentrated on day-to-day policing of the area, and the CID, who undertook detective work
121
Who was the uniform side of H division head by?
Chief inspector John West, who reported directly to Superintendent Thomas Arnold
122
What was some benefits of working as a policeman?
It was a steady job with chance of promotion and had sport clubs, and were rewards for good work
123
What was some of the negatives of being a policeman?
The pay was not good, if you did not do your job properly, you could be fine or dismissed, and the job was also dangerous, especially when violence or warfare was involved
124
Why did a lot of policeman die?
Because if you could not take breaks on beat until 1900, and bad weather conditions were not considered so many policeman caught TB and died
125
What did the superintendent report in 1870?
That that being assaulted as a policeman was more frequent in H division than any other division
126
What happened in 1807?
82 government those were made describing what MET police officers should do when dealing with crimes but many people ignored them.
127
Why did H division have variable success, attracting and retaining recruits?
Because you got little sleep, bad pay, abuse from public, chest infections easily develops leading to TB, had to do petty jobs and it was dangerous and strict
128
What difficulties did H division face that weren’t their fault?
Language problems and cultural clashes
The rookeries, narrow, alleys and courtyard of Whitechapel were cramped, dark and confined making it hard for police, but easy for criminals to hide
129
Give examples of H division not being effective in their policing role?
Sometimes policeman ignored criminal activities because they were overstretched or understaffed
They also have to be careful of dealing with violence, but not being too violent
130
In 1885 who made up H division and how many people did the police?
19. Inspectors 44 Sergeants, 441 Constables making it around 505 people to police, 176,000 people
131
At the peak of HD division forces in 1888, how many men were there?
575 men, which meant approximately one policeman for every 300 people
132
What happened in 1879 with two police officers?
PC Gallagher and Gunter were accused by Mr Froomberg (who they had just arrested) of assault and drinking on duty
133
Did H division have any success in policing?
Yes, for example they cleared up a pitch battle between market traders and the Strutton Ground Boys protection racket
134
Why did policeman in H division not always do there job?
Prostitutes didn’t like it as their lives depended upon the earnings and brothel owners, resented them for this.
Also, for example, an old Irishman told a policeman to stay out of fight in Ewer Street Slum for his own safety
135
Why did the locals not like police social work?
As they thought they were intervening with their lives by taking people to the workhouse or children to school
136
Who was Jack the Rippers first victim and when were they killed?
Mary Ann Nichols was killed at 3:45 am on August 31, 1888
137
Who was Jack the Rippers second victim and when were they killed?
Anne Chapman was killed on 8 September 1888
138
Who was Jack the Rippers third victim and when were they killed?
Elizabeth stride was killed on 30th of September 1888
139
Who was Jack the Rippers fourth victim and when were they killed?
Catherine Ellis was killed on 30 September 1888
140
Who was Jack the Rippers last victim and when were they killed?
Mary Jane Kelly was killed between the eighth and ninth of November at night in 1888
141
What did the failure of the police to catch the killer make them seem?
Incompetent and because of this cartoons and newspapers would make them look, helpless and clueless
142
Who investigated Jack the Ripper?
The MET, because four murders were in Whitechapel and the city of London police as Catherine Edwards was killed in their area
143
Who was Charles Warren and how did he help solve the Ripper cases?
He was MET commissioner 1886-1888
he won some respect however incidents such as bloody Sunday, turn the media, people and police against him
144
Who was the first assistant police commissioner?
James Monro up until 31 August 1888, as a result of a personality crash with Sir Charles Warren, he later took over Warren as the MET commissioner
145
Who was the second assistant police commissioner?
Dr Robert Anderson in September 1888, and wasn’t liked because he came after James Monro
146
Who was head of H division and how did help solve the Ripper cases?
Superintendent, Thomas Arnold, but he was away on leave during the earlier murders
147
Who was in charge of the CID during the Ripper cases?
Inspector Edmund, Reid
148
Who was the leading investigator up until 1889 for the Ripper cases?
Frederick George Abberline he had spent a great deal, career policing Whitechapel but decided to leave the cases as thought local detective force was better
149
Who was the lead detective after 1889 on the Ripper cases?
Inspector Henry Moore and remains in charge till 1896 when the investigation stop
150
Who was Sergeant William thick?
A police officer, who worked mostly on the streets of East London, and he was apparently a holy terror to the local lawbreakers
151
Who was the acting city of London police commissioner at the time of Catherine Eddowes murder?
Major Henry Smith, he was good with the press opposing Charles Warren of MET
152
Who is the chief inspector for the city of London police?
Chief inspected Donald Sutherland Swanson he had unrivalled knowledge of the case
153
Who was Melville Macnaghten Cheif Constable of Sctoland Yard?
He was an opposing officer involved in the case, however, made emphatic statements that just stated facts
154
How did Sir Charles Warren hinder the investigations?
He resigned before the last murder making the police disorganised and got rid of some anti-Jewish graffiti evidence as he was feared an anti-Jewish riot
155
What techniques do the police use to solve the Ripper cases?
They used autopsies sketches, spoke to witnesses and suspects, and normally followed the police code on how to act when murder scene. However, this wasn’t done in the case of Mary Ann Nichols and as these techniques had only just been used proper procedure wasn’t always followed
156
What was some new detective techniques that were later tried?
Photos taken and the police tried to build up a criminal profile but didn’t have access to CCTV or fingerprinting as these weren’t around then
157
Did any extra police officers come to Whitechapel?
Yes, 50 constables were transferred temporarily
158
Did the police use the public to help solve the Ripper cases?
Yes, they gave out 80,000 handbills, asking for witnesses, but this failed and course of media to resort to sensationalism
159
Did the police use plain clothes and disguises?
Yes, on 26 September six extra constables order to work in playing clothes to try and trap the Ripper with some dressing as prostitutes, but they didn’t remove their moustaches so ineffective
160
Who was Matthew Packer?
A an who claimed to see Elizabeth Stride before she died, however he changed his statement multiple times
161
How did Matthew Parker lead to problems with the Ripper investigation?
He provided inconsistent statements which lead to confusion and the press criticising the Police
162
Who was Mrs Mary Malcom?
She deliberately and falsely identified Elizabeth Stride's body as her sister (a different person) and created a fabricated story about her having a troubled and alcoholic past
163
How did Mrs Mary Malcom cause problems with the Ripper investigations?
She created confusion (slowing investigation) as was only disproved when her sister turned up alive to speak against her, she also said that her sister visited her in spirit the night she died which The East London Newspaper reported which created more panic within citizens
164
How did the media increase problems faced by the police?
They dramatized a lot of the story creating fear and false suspects within the public, they also used scape-goats of immigrant groups causing further segregation. Some example where The East London Newspaper or Illustrated Police News
165
Who did Henry Matthews (Home Secretary) dislike?
He disliked Charles Warren who was the Commissioner of the MET
166
Who did Henry Matthews (Home secretary) prefer?
James Monro and wanted him to become the Commissioner of the MET
167
What did James Monro say about Charles Warren?
That he didn’t support the CID section of the MET with sufficient men or money
168
What did Charles Warren do in November 1888?
He publish an article in the Murray Magazine criticising the government’s methods of dealing with protesters without Henry Matthews permission
169
What did Henry Matthews do after Charles Warren wrote the article in November 1888?
Matthews wrote to Warren to rebuke him for the article and Warren became angry threatening to resign, so Matthews replaced him with Monro who he preferred
170
How did internal arguments damage the police’s effectiveness?
Caused distraction from crime and the Ripper case and also created tension and the public would see the police as chaotic
171
What was the rivalry between the MET and the City of London Police?
In the Ripper cases only one victim (Catherine Eddowes) was found in the jurisdiction of the City of London Police,
172
What did Charles Warren do to some of the evidence at Catherine Eddowes crime scene and why?
He scrubbed of some of the evidence written on a wall because it may have caused backlash against the Jewish community which created tension between the MET and City of London of Police hindering their progress in catching the criminal
173
When was the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee set up?
It was set up on the 10 September 1888 and led by a builder George Lusk as were annoyed of failure of police
174
What did the Vigilance Commitee do to try find the Ripper?
The took to the streets to make as much loads of noise trying the catch the Ripper in the act, it was counter-productive and damaged the police’s investigation
175
What else did the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee do?
They hired to private detectives who turned out to be Messrs Grand and Bachelor, they cause Matthew Parker’s fake testimony which damaged the reputation of the police and caused public panic
176
What could have been the ulterior motives of the Whitechapel Viligance Committee?
They may had been Socialist Democratic Federation supporters (who wanted to make the police and government look bad) and many seem to send the police false leads and encourage the criticism in ‘Penny Dreadfuls’ embarrassing them
177
List reasons why the Police were to blame for not catching the Ripper?
They could have adapted to surroundings more, trained their new recruits more, used better detection methods, not created rivalry and been corrupt as that slowed the investigation
178
Why wasn’t it the Police’s fault for not catching the Ripper?
They didn’t have control over financial problems in Whitechapel causing prostitution or the streets being dark and narrow, were let down by corrupt people higher up, didn’t have detection methods we have now, also time wasters and the media wasn’t in their control
179
What were some improvements in Police techniques learnt later on?
The used telephones at the end of the 19th century (1901) which improved communication, used bicycles (1909) to get to crime scenes faster or catch criminals, the Bertillon System was used (1894) keeping detailed records or criminals however not a lot of record of it being used effectively
180
What laws did the Ripper murders lead to?
The Houses of the Working Classes Act - reduced slums by creating housing development schemes
The Public Health Amendment Act - gave more power to local councils to improve sanitary services in areas
