Who was to blame for the Cold War? Flashcards
(14 cards)
(a) What decisions, in relation to Germany, were agreed at Yalta and Potsdam? [4]
‘It was agreed at Yalta that Germany should be divided into zones of occupation, one
controlled by USSR, one by the USA, one by Britain and one by France.’
‘It was agreed that Berlin, which was deep in the Soviet zone, would also be divided into four
similar sections.’
‘It was agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals.’
‘At Potsdam, it was agreed that Germany and Berlin would be divided as stated at Yalta.’
‘It was agreed that the Allies should receive reparations from Germany.’
‘The Nazi Party was banned and its leaders were to be tried as war criminals.’
‘It was agreed that Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia would be sent
back to Germany.’
(a) What was agreed at the Yalta Conference of February 1945? [4]
- Germany - surrender to be unconditional - Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones. The zones to be controlled by USA, USSR, Britain and France. Reparations, war criminals punished. Eastern border moved westwards. Berlin in Soviet zone.
- Occupied countries - as liberated then allowed to hold free elections.
- Poland - provisional government with pro-soviet poles and exiled London poles. Border moved westwards into German territory. Free elections.
- Japan - Stalin would intervene in war with Japan after Germany defeated. Russia to get Manchuria and land lost in 1904-05 Russo-Japanese war.
- United Nations Organisation to be set up to keep peace.
(a) What was decided at the Yalta Conference of February 1945? [4]
- Germany - surrender to be unconditional - Germany and Berlin divided into 4 zones. The zones to be controlled by USA, USSR, Britain and France. Reparations, war criminals punished. Eastern border moved westwards. Berlin in Soviet zone.
- Occupied countries - as liberated then allowed to hold free elections.
- Poland - provisional government with pro-soviet poles and exiled London poles. Border moved westwards into German territory. Free elections.
- Japan - Stalin would intervene in war with Japan after Germany defeated. Russia to get Manchuria and land lost in 1904-05 Russo-Japanese war.
- United Nations Organisation to be set up to keep peace.
(a) What did Stalin gain from the Yalta conference? [4]
He weakened Germany.’
* ‘He obtained an unconditional surrender of Germany.’
* ‘Germany was divided into four.’
* ‘He obtained the eastern zone of occupation of Germany.’
* ‘He obtained the eastern zone of occupation of Berlin.’
* ‘Eastern Europe was to be a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.’
* ‘It was agreed there would be elections in the eastern European countries in which Stalin still had his armed forces. Stalin could ‘supervise’ these elections.’
* ‘Germany’s eastern border was to be moved westwards.’
* ‘Germany was to pay reparations.’
* ‘Poland’s provisional government was to include pro-Soviet Lublin Poles.’
* ‘For Stalin’s future involvement in the fight against Japan, the Soviet Union would receive land in Manchuria.’
* ‘The Soviet Union would receive land lost to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War.’
* ‘Stalin helped to set up the United Nations.’
* ‘The USSR was playing a greater role in world affairs than before the Second World War.’
* ‘It was agreed to hunt down war criminals.’
(a) What was discussed at the Yalta Conference? [4]
- What to do with a defeated Germany.’
- ‘What to do with Germany’s leaders.’
- ‘What to do with countries formerly occupied by Germany.’
- ‘The future of Poland.’
- ‘The moving of Poland’s borders.’
- ‘How war against Japan could be ended.’
- ‘How a lasting peace was to be maintained.’
- ‘The setting up of the United Nations.’
- ‘The Soviet sphere of influence.’
- ‘German reparations.’
(a) What decisions about Germany were made at the Yalta Conference of 1945? [4]
- It was agreed at Yalta that surrender was unconditional and Germany should be divided into zones of occupation, one controlled by USSR, one by the USA, one by Britain and one by France.’
- ‘It was agreed that Berlin, which was deep in the Soviet zone, would also be divided into four similar sections.’
- ‘It was agreed to hunt down and punish war criminals.’
- ‘At Potsdam, it was agreed that Germany and Berlin would be divided as stated at Yalta.’
- ‘It was agreed that the Allies should receive reparations from Germany.’
- ‘The Nazi Party was banned and its leaders were to be tried as war criminals.’
- ‘It was agreed that Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia would be sent back to Germany.’
- ‘There were to be free elections for liberated countries.’
(a) What was the ‘Iron Curtain’? [4]
- In March 1946, Churchill made a speech in Fulton (USA) which stated that an ‘iron curtain had descended across the continent of Europe’ – the Iron Curtain being an imaginary line that divided the communist East from the capitalist West.
- Level 2 Describes what it was [2–5] (One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail.) e.g. ‘
- The border between the Soviet-controlled countries and the West.’
- ‘USSR dominated countries following Potsdam.’
- ‘A guarded border.’ ‘
- The mythical division of Europe into two halves.’ ‘
- Separation of free democratic states from communist dominated ones.’ ‘
- A denial of freedom and democracy.’
(a) What issues were addressed at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences? [4]
- ‘Post-war spheres of influence.’
- ‘What to do with Germany after it was defeated.’
- ‘The establishment of a lasting peace – the establishment of a united nations organisation.’
- ‘The USSR in relation to the war against Japan.’
- ‘What to do with countries formerly occupied by Germany.’
- ‘The future of the Nazi Party.’
- ‘The punishment of war criminals.’
- ‘The future government of Poland.’
- ‘Polish borders.’
- ‘German reparations.’
- ‘The splitting of Germany and Berlin.
(a) What were Stalin’s main achievements at the Yalta conference? [4]
- ‘He weakened Germany.’
- ‘He obtained an unconditional surrender of Germany.’
- ‘Germany was divided into four.’
- ‘He obtained the eastern zone of occupation of Germany.’
- ‘He obtained the eastern zone of occupation of Berlin.’
- ‘Eastern Europe was to be a Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.’
- ‘It was agreed there would be elections in the eastern European countries in which Stalin still had his armed forces. Stalin could ‘supervise’ these elections.’
- ‘Germany’s eastern border was to be moved westwards.’
- ‘Germany was to pay reparations.’
- ‘Poland’s provisional government was to include pro-Soviet Lublin Poles.’
- ‘For Stalin’s future involvement in the fight against Japan, the Soviet Union would receive land in Manchuria.’
- ‘The Soviet Union would receive land lost to Japan during the Russo-Japanese War.’
- ‘Stalin helped to set up the United Nations.’
- ‘The USSR was playing a greater role in world affairs than before the Second World War.’
- ‘It was agreed to hunt down war criminals.’
What changes to the frontier of Poland were agreed at the Potsdam Conference? [4]
(a) What disagreements between the two superpowers were there at the Potsdam Conference? [4]
- ‘There was no agreement over the future government of Poland.’
- ‘Truman thought Stalin should honour the Yalta agreement of free elections in Poland.’
- ‘Stalin would only recognise the Lublin Polish government.’
- ‘Stalin would not acknowledge the authority of the Polish exiled government in London.’
- ‘They disagreed over the future of Germany.’
- ‘Stalin wanted to cripple Germany so it was not a future threat.’
- ‘Truman and Attlee wanted Germany to be reconstructed.’
- ‘Stalin wanted access to the industries of the Ruhr. This was rejected.’
- ‘The USSR wanted to be involved in the war with Japan, but Truman rejected this idea.’
(a) What were the main disagreements at the Potsdam Conference? [4]
- ‘They disagreed over elections in Poland.’
- ‘They disagreed over what to do with Germany.’
- ‘Stalin wanted Germany kept weak, while the Allies wanted it to recover.’
- ‘Stalin wanted access to Germany’s industrial heartland.’
- ‘The USSR wanted a role in Japan.’ ‘
- There were disagreements over the de-Nazification of Germany.’
- ‘There were disagreements over reparations.’
- ‘There were disagreements over the recognition of East European countries.’
(a) Describe how the Soviet Union consolidated its hold over Poland from 1945. [4]
- Soviet troops stayed in Poland after the Warsaw Uprising (1).
- Stalin did not follow the terms agreed at Yalta (1).
- He was worried that allowing free elections would mean a non-Communist government in Poland (1).
- As a result, the USSR rigged the elections in 1947 to ensure the Communists won a huge victory (1).
What happened in the Greek Civil War? [4]
- There were two rival groups, monarchists and communists.
- The monarchists were supported by the US and Britain.
- The communists were supported by the Soviet Union.
- There was civil war in Athens which the British put down.
- In 1946 there was an election.
- A plebiscite restored the King.
- There was a communist uprising.
- The British pulled out in February 1947.
- The US replaced the British.
- The Truman Doctrine was put into action.
- The communists set up a provisional government/people’s republic.
- The US poured in massive amounts of military and economic aid.
- In 1949 the Greek army defeated the communists.
