Whole Course Quiz Flashcards
(308 cards)
1
Q
Name the structural carbohydrate that the sugars prodcued in photosynthesis can be converted into
A
Cellulose
2
Q
What is a synapse?
A
Gap between two neurons
3
Q
Stem cells that can be obtained from an embryo at a very early stage of development
A
Embryonic stem cells
4
Q
Explain how the villi aid absorption of nutrients
A
the large number of thin walled villi provides a large surface area
5
Q
What is formed when the enzyme and sustrate combine
A
enzyme-substrate comples
6
Q
What occurs in ecosystems when resources are in short supply?
A
competition
7
Q
Give the term used to describe the conditions in which an enzyme is most active.
A
Optimum conditions
8
Q
Define the term ‘producer’
A
An organism that can make its own food / energy (by hotosynthesis)
9
Q
How do pesticides increase crop yield?
A
they kill organisms that compete with crops or eat crops.
10
Q
Name the cell structure which controls all cell activities
A
nucleus
11
Q
Human diploid chromosome compliment is
A
46
12
Q
Reversible form of fermentation
A
Fermentation in animal cells.
13
Q
Name the site of photosynthesis found in green plant cells.
A
chloroplast
14
Q
What can be done to ensure the results of an experiment are valid?
A
other variables are controlled to ensure any effect is likely to be due to the variable being changed
15
Q
Name the green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis.
A
chlorophyll
16
Q
Explain why enzymes are specific.
A
the shape of the active site of an enzyme is complementary to a specific substrate
17
Q
Name the four bases in DNA.
A
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
18
Q
What term is used to describe the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient?
A
active transport
19
Q
Function of insulin
A
instructs the liver to convert glucose into glycogen
20
Q
What is transpiration?
A
Process by which water travels through a plant and its evaporation through the stomata
21
Q
Which structures detect sensory input / stimuli
A
receptors
22
Q
How are messages transferred from one synapse to the next?
A
As chemical messages
23
Q
Define the term diploid
A
Cell containing two sets of chromosomes
24
Q
Which use of energy ensures ony a vaery small quantity is available to the organisms at the next level of a food chain?
A
growth
25
Give the term that describes where an organism lives.
habitat
26
In plant, animal and fungal cells, where is the genetic infromation found?
nucleus
27
Blood vessels which carry blood under high pressure
Arteries
28
Type of respiration that requires oxygen
Aerobic respiration
29
Which type of variation falls into distinct groups or categories
Discrete
30
Describe the effect of high temperature on enzyme activity.
enzyme activity will stop
31
What do stem cells have the potential to become?
different types of cell
32
Give two examples of passive transport.
diffusion and osmosis
33
How do you calculate an average?
1. add all the numbers in the list to get a total 2. divide the total by the number of numbers in the list
34
What is the effect of algal bloom on the other aquatic plants?
the algal bloom blocks out the light which kills them
35
Name the three limiting factors of photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature.
36
Define term: alleles
different forms of the same gene
37
What is meant by the term reliability?
consistent values in repeats of experiments are obtained
38
Name the cell structure found in bacterial cells that is used in genetic engineering
plasmid
39
Give the function of white blood cells
Destroy pathogens
40
Main type of cells in a leaf that photosynthesise.
Palisade mesophyll
41
What determines the sequence on amino acids in a protein?
the sequence of bases in DNA
42
Arteries that supply heart muscle with blood
Coronary arteries
43
What chemicals do fertilisers contain that increase crop yield?
nitrates
44
Type of glands which release hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine
45
Name 3 types of plant organ
Roots/ stems/ leaves
46
Which type of competition is more intense? Explain why.
Intra-specific - they are competing for all of the same resources
47
How do animals get amino aids to make protein?
by eating protein containing plants / animals
48
How will you know when a new species has been formed by speciation?
the two populations can no longer interbreed and produce fertile offspring
49
What do carnivores eat?
Other animals (meat)
50
Only site of inter neurons
spinal cord
51
Name the cellular process that takes place in the mitochondria
AEROBIC respiration
52
Give the definition of a gene.
a section of DNA that codes for a protein
53
Which type of cell has no nucleus?
bacteria
54
Glucose is stored in the liver as
Glycogn
55
What term is used to describe a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring?
species
56
Fermentation is completed in this part of the cell
Cytoplasm
57
What is the role of mRNA?
to carry a complementary copy of the genetic code from DNA to a ribosome
58
These fibres separate chromosomes during cell division
spindle
59
What is the energy change in photosynthesis?
light to chemical
60
Describe the relationship between the energy requirement of a cell and the number of mitochondria present in that cell
The higher the energy requirement the greater the number of mitochondria present
61
Give an exapmle of a geographical barrier.
river / mountain / desert
62
Describe the effect of placing red blood cells in water.
the red blood cells will swell up and burst
63
What are the alternatives to using pesticides?
biological control and GM crops
64
Name the products formed when catalase reacts with hydrogen peroxide
water and oxygen
65
Purpose of the valves in the heart
To prevent backflow of blood.
66
Which type of cell has no cell wall?
animal
67
Which body system are white blood cells part of?
Immune system
68
Define term: recessive allele
This allele will only be expressed in the absence of the dominant allele
69
Function of the pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
70
Why do all food chains start with a green plant?
Green plants are producers, they make food using light energy by photosynthesis
71
What is the function of a red blood cell?
to transport oxygen
72
What is the importance of the sequence of bases on DNA?
it determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein (and therefore the shape of the protein)
73
What is a predator?
an animal that hunts and kills prey for food /to gain energy
74
Give the function of a phagocyte
Phagocytosis-engulfing and digesting pathogens
75
Describe how oxygen moves by diffusion into a cell
e.g. oxygen will diffuse into a cell down a concentration gradient i.e., from a high concentration outside the cell to a lower concentration inside the cell.
76
Describe the effect of placing red blood cells in a solution with a lower water concentration.
the red blood cells will shrink
77
2 examples of materials that can diffuse across capillaries
oxygen / glucose / carbon dioxide / waste materials
78
Describe how red blood cells are specialised to perform their function
Biconcave shape / no nucleus / contain haemoglobin
79
Name the structure which prevents a plant cell placed in water from bursting
cell wall
80
Three components of mammal 's blood
Plasma / red blood cells / white blood cells
81
Where in the cell is mRNA synthesised?
nucleus
82
Define term: F1
First filial generation
83
What effect will increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide have on the rate of photosynthesis ?
increase rate of photosynthesis
84
Define term: gene
A sequence of DNA bases that codes for a protein that controls a particualr characteristic
85
What is another term for natural selection?
survival of the fittest
86
Glucose is broken down into two molecules of this
Pyruvate
87
Three examples of cellular activities which use energy (ATP)
Muscle contraction/ protein synthesis/ cell division/ transmission of nerve impulses/ active transport
88
Name the male gamete produced by animals
sperm
89
Give the term used to describe a sequence of DNA bases which codes for a protein
gene
90
Give the term used to describe the role an organism plays in its community.
niche
91
What is the only source of new alleles for a species?
mutations
92
Which type of variation will show a range of values
Continuous
93
These cells control opening and closing of stomata
Guard cells
94
Name the structure formed when the zygote divided
Embryo
95
What do omnivores eat?
Plants and animals
96
Proteins which interact with hormones on the cell surface
Receptor proteins
97
What is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
98
3 types of neuron
sensory/ inter/ motor
99
Name the equipment used to sample ground crawling insects.
pit fall trap
100
What type of crops can be grown to reduce the use of fertilisers
Genetically modified (GM) crops
101
What is a pathogen?
A disease causing microorganism
102
What does a food web show?
Simple feeding relatinships in an ecosystem
103
Give the term used to describe the replicated copy of a chromosome which is visible during mitosis
Chromatid
104
Where in animals are eggs produced?
ovaries
105
Within a population what makes it possible for a population to evolve over time in response to changing environmental conditions?
variation within the population
106
What holds the two strands of a DNA molecule together?
complementary base pairs
107
Under what circumstances will a plant cell become turgid?
when plant cell is placed in solution of higher water concentration
108
What do plants use nitrates to make?
amino acids / proteins
109
Explain why predicted ratios are not necessarily the same as those observed in the population
Fertilisation is a random process
110
What does the term specific mean when applied to enzymes?
an enzyme can only work on ONE substrate
111
Another name for cell division
mitosis
112
Give an example of a substances which is unable to cross a selectively permeable membrane?
large molecules (e.g. starch, protein, fat)
113
What is reduced as a result of the lack of oxygen?
aquatic animals / indicator species / biodiversity
114
How do you calculate a % change in mass?
1. calculate the change in mass 2. divide the change by the starting mass.
115
Gas required for respiration carried in the bloodstream
oxygen
116
Which type of pyramaid is always a true pryramid? Why?
A pyramid of energy - the majority of the energy is lost from one level to the next
117
Name three biotic factors.
grazing / predation / food availablity / disease
118
What do herbivores eat?
Plants
119
Clear layer of cells allowing light to enter the leaf
Epidermis
120
Name the part of the cell where chemical reactions take place
cytoplasm
121
Which of the molecules found in the cell membrane moves molecules or ions against the concentration gradient?
membrane proteins
122
Define genetic engineering.
the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another
123
Name the two stages of photosynthesis.
light reactions and carbon fixation
124
What two chemicals are made in the light reactions but used in the carbon fixation stage of photosynthesis?
Hydrogen and ATP
125
Area of cell where chromosomes line up in single file during cell division
equator
126
Explain why hormones will only have an effect on their target tissues
The target tissues have cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones
127
Products of fermentation in plants
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
128
What happens to the toxicity of pesticides as they pass along food chains?
toxicity increases and reaches toxic levels
129
Heirarchy of system organisation in living things starting with cells
cells-tissues-organs-systems
130
Which type of cell has no mitochondria?
bacteria
131
These are pores which allow gas exchange in the leaf
Stomata
132
Aerobic respiration is completed in this part of the cell
Mitochondria
133
Name the process which maintains the diploid chromosome complement
mitosis
134
Single gene inheritance (monohybrid) results in this type of variation
Discrete
135
Give the meaning of the term 'population'.
All the individuals of the same species
136
Total yield of ATP during fermentation
2 ATP
137
Function of the reflex arc
to protect the body from harm
138
Name two factors that can increase the rate of mutation.
radiation (x rays, gamma rays, UV light) and some chemicals eg mustard gas
139
What diagram shows the number of each orgainsim at each level in a food chain?
pyramid of numbers
140
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of
Brain and spinal cord
141
Explain why nutrients from food must be absorbed into the bloodstream
to be delivered to cells (along with oxygen) for respiration
142
Name the storage carbohydrate that the sugars prodcued in photosynthesis can be converted into
Starch
143
Types of pathogens (3)
Virus/ bacteria/ fungi....
144
This type of respiration gives the largest yield of ATP
Aerobic respiration
145
Which type of cell has a cell wall made of cellulose?
plant
146
Define the term 'adaptation'.
is an inherited characteristic that makes an organism well suited to survival in its environment/niche.
147
The immediate store of chemical energy used by cells
ATP
148
Name the structure that prevents plant cells from bursting when placed in pure water
cell wall
149
Least efficient form of respiration
Fermentation
150
Structure and function of xylem vessels
Xylem vessels are dead and lignified to withstand the pressure changes as water moves through the plant.
151
Blood vessels which form networks through tissues to allow exchange of materials
Capillaries
152
What is the vena cava?
vein returning blood to the heart (right atrium) from the body
153
State the three types of isolation barrier for speciation.
geographical, ecological or behavioural
154
Blood vessels with thick muscular walls and narrow channels
Arteries
155
What would cause a plant cell to become plasmolysed?
when plant cell is placed in solution of lower water concentration
156
Stem cells which can be found in the body throughout life
tissue stem cells
157
Give three functions of proteins.
structural proteins in cell membranes/ enzymes/ hormones/ antibodies / cell receptors / carriers in active transport.
158
What term is used to describe a random change to genetic material ?
mutation
159
Describe the appearance of a plasmolysed plant cell.
in a plasmolysed cell the membrane has been pulled away from the cell wall and the contents have shrunk
160
4 factors which affect transpiration rate.
Temperature, windspeed, humidity,surface area
161
Positions of the heart valves (4)
One set between the atria and ventricles and one set at the start of the arteries (aorta and pulmonary artery) leaving the heart
162
What chemicals are used to i) extract the required gene ii) cut open the plasmid iii) insert a the required gene into the plasmid ?
enzymes
163
Give the meaning of the term 'prey'
An organism eaten by a predator
164
Name the component of the cell membrane that is involved in the active transport of molecules and ions
proteins
165
Define term: F2
Second filial generation
166
Product of fermentation in animals
Lactate
167
A single cell formed from the fusion of the male and female gametes in animals
Zygote
168
What is the effect of low temperatures on the rate of photosynthesis?
slows the rate of photosynthesis
169
What diagram shows the total energy available at each level in a food chain?
pyramid of energy
170
What makes up an ecosystem?
consists of all the organisms (the community) living in a habitat and the non-living components
171
What does enzyme action result in?
products
172
Give ther term used to describe an organism produced by genetic engineering
Genetically modified (GM) organism
173
Which type of proteins control the reactions that take place in cellular respiration?
enzymes
174
Name the female gamete found in plants
Ovule
175
Which type of cells are haploid
Gamete
176
What happens to an enzyme's activity when it is completely denatured?
Activity stops
177
What is the aorta?
artery taking blood from the heart (left ventricle) to the body
178
How can you minimise error when using a pH meter?
wipe the probe between taking readings
179
Example of a waste material removed from cells into the bloodstream
carbon dioxide
180
What effect will low light intensities have on pant growth
Plant growth will be slow / low as there is less photosynthesis taking place
181
Define term: Phenotype
Physical appearance of an organism
182
What effect does a reaction have on an enzyme?
NONE - enzymes are unchanged by reactions
183
Name the two components of the cell membrane.
phospholipid and proteins
184
What is transferred from one level to the next in a food chain?
energy
185
What are hormones?
Chemical messengers
186
Describe how carbon dioxide moves out of a cell by diffusion
Carbon dioxide will movel from a high concentration inside the cell to a low concentration outside of the cell
187
Explain why an aqautic plant such as elodea is good in experiments measuring rate of photsynthesis.
the bubbles of oxygen gas produced can be counted
188
Name two types of chemical that farmers can use to increase crop yield.
fertilisers and pesticides
189
Name three abiotic factors.
temperature / pH / moisture / humidity / light intensity
190
Name the unspecialised cells which can divide to self-renew
Stem Cells
191
Name the enzyme that joins glucose-1-phosphate molecules together to produce starch
phosphorylase
192
What two events happen in the light reactions in photosynthesis?
water is split into hydrogen and oxygen & ATP is regenerated
193
In what form do red blood cells transport oxygen?
oxyhaemoglobin
194
Function of the pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium) to the left side of the heart
195
How can osmosis be used to find the concentration inside a cell?
place the tissue in different concentrations and measure change in mass of the tissue, the concentration where there is no overall gain or loss of mass is equal to the concentration in the cells of he tissue
196
Function of cerebellum
Balance and coordination
197
What can the chemical energy in the sugars produced be used for?
used in respiration
198
What effect does an enzyme have on a biological reaction?
enzymes speed up biological reactions
199
Respiration in the absence of oxygen
Fermentation
200
What term is used to describe the shape of a DNA molecule?
double stranded helix
201
Which side of the heart carries oxygenated blood?
Left side
202
Function of inter neurons
To act as the link between sensory and motor neurons and convey impulses between them
203
Blood vessels which carry blood under low pressure
Veins
204
Name the type of competition that occurs amongst individuals of different species for a few of the resources required.
Interspecific (competition)
205
Continuous variation is the result of this type of inheritance
Polygenic
206
How many molecules of ATP are produced when glucose is broken down into pyruvate?
2 ATP
207
What are the ventricles of the heart?
Two lower chambers which pump blood out of the heart
208
Define 'fertilisation'
Fertilisation is the fusion of the nuclei of the two haploid gametes to produce a zygote
209
Structure that transport sugar up and down in a plant
Phloem
210
What words describe the occurence of mutations?
random and spontaneous
211
What is biodiversity?
the variety of ALL living things in an ecosystem.
212
Define the term 'consumer'
Am organisms that eats other organisms to gain energy
213
Tissues in a leaf vein
Xylem and Phloem
214
Name the circular piece of DNA found in bacterial cells.
plasmid
215
Two types of effector in the body
Muscles or glands
216
Function of medulla
Controls heart and breathing rate
217
Name the type of molecules synthesised by ribosomes
proteins
218
Give two ways that osmosis differs from diffusion.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
219
Name three different parts of the brain
Cerebrum/ cerebellum/ medulla
220
Example of a reflex
Knee jerk/ pupil size changing/ blinking, etc.
221
Give an exapmle of a behavioural barrier.
diurnal vs nocturnal
222
What is required by the membrane proteins for active transport?
energy / ATP
223
What do animals use energy for?
growth, movement & generating heat
224
Name the structures found in the small intestine that absorb nutrients from food
Villi
225
Name the molecule that carries the genetic information for making proteins
DNA / deoxyribonucleic acid
226
Function of glucagon
instructs the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
227
What are proteins assembled from?
amino acids
228
Function of root hair cells
Absorb water and minerals from the soil
229
What is the product of the carbon fixationstage of photosynthesis?
glucose
230
What is the advantage of growing a crop that is genetically modified to absorb nitrates more effectively?
can reduce the use of fertilisers
231
Give three features of surfaces involved in absorption of materials that increase the efficiency of absorption.
Large surface area/ thin walls/ exstensive blood supply
232
Process of phagocytosis
Engulfing and digesting of pathogens
233
Name a product, useful to humans, that is made by genetically engineered bacteria.
insulin
234
Define term: Heterozygous
Individuals with two different alleles
235
Name the equipment used to sample plants.
quadrat
236
Give an example of an irregular pyramid of numbers
a tree as a large producer or the presence of parasites e.g. fleas
237
Name two types of white blood cell.
Lymphocytes and phagocytes
238
What increases in the water as a result of the increase in dead plant matter caused by an algal bloom?
number of bacteria
239
Which cell organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
ribosome
240
Define term: Genotype
Arrangement of alleles in the individual (letters)
241
What does the term bioaccumulation mean?
build-up of toxic substances in living organisms
242
Which type of cells have ribosomes?
plant animal fungus bacteria
243
What three possible types of effect can mutuations have on an organisms chances of survival?
neutral, advantage or a disadvantage
244
How is the genetic code 'written'?
as a sequence of DNA bases
245
Name the gas exchange organs
Lungs
246
What causes an algal bloom?
fertiliser leaching into water ways and increasing growth of algae
247
Which uses of energy cause energy to be lost for the organisms in the next level of a food chain?
movement, generating heat, indigestible material
248
Name an indicator species for air pollution.
lichen
249
Describe the structure of phloem tissue
Phloem cells are living and have sieve plates and companion cells
250
Name some selection pressures that can cause natural selection
lack of food / cold / predation / disease
251
Why is the demand for food increasing?
the global population is increasing
252
Name the structures within the lungs that are present in large numbers provifing large surface area
Alveoli
253
What is the complementary base pairing rule?
A&T, C&G
254
Name the two TYPES of reaction that enzymes are involved in.
synthesis & degradation (breakdown)
255
Name the substrate that catalse reacts with
hydrogen peroxide
256
Three features of capillaries that allow efficient exchange of materials
Thin walled and have a large surface area, form networks at tissues and organs
257
Give the function of a lymphocyte
Produces antibodies
258
What is a function of receptors in the body?
To receive and respond to stimuli
259
Name the substrates (raw materials) of aerobic respiration
Glucose and Oxygen
260
Explain the effect of high temperature on enzyme activity.
high temperature will denature the enzyme / change the shape of the active site so it no longer fits the shape of the substrate and activity will decrease
261
Pancreas produces these two hormones
Insulin and glucagon
262
Function of sensory neurons
To send electrical impulses from sense organs to the CNS
263
What effect does the increase in bacteria caused by an algal bloom have on the water?
they use up large quantities of oxygen reducing the oxygen availability for other organisms
264
How much of the energy available energy is lost when it transfers from one level to the next in a food chain?
the majority
265
Name the two substances absorbed into the capillaries of a villus
glucose and amino acids
266
What does a food web show?
More complex / interlinked feeding relationships in an excosystem
267
Where in a plant are female gametes produced?
Ovaries
268
Name the substance formed when oxygen and haemoglobin combine
Oxyhaemoglobin
269
What type of cells carry out respiration?
ALL LIVING CELLS
270
Give the function of the cell membrane.
controls entry and exit of substances
271
What is the role of the enzyme-substrate complex
the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex facilitates the reaxction
272
Which two processes are stem cells involved in?
Growth and repair
273
Why is the sequence of amino acids in a protein important?
the sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of a protein
274
Give an example of a substance which can cross a selectively permeable membrane?
small mollecules (e.g. glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water)
275
How many sets of matching chromsomes are found in diploid cells
2
276
Function of the cerebrum
sensory input/ conscious motor control/ thought/ memory, etc.
277
State the term that means a membrane will only allow some molecules to pass through it.
selectively permeable
278
Organ in which glycogen is stored
Liver
279
Describe the effect of increasing the temperature on anzyme activity.
enzyme activity will increase as temperature increases until it reaches its optimum temperature
280
Why do high temperatures stop photosynthesis?
the enzymes controlling photosynthesis are denatured and do not work
281
Give another factor other than temperature which has an affect on enzyme activity?
pH
282
How are messages carried along neurons?
As electrical impulses
283
Method by which hormones travel through the body
Bloodstream
284
Name the type of competition that occurs amongst individuals of the same species for ALL resources required
Intra-specific
285
Where in a plant is pollen produced?
Anther
286
Name the cell structure that captures the light energy required for photosynthesis
chloroplast
287
Cells in the leaf which photosynthesise and have air spaces between them
Spongy Mesophyll
288
Define term: Homozygous
Individuals with two identical alleles
289
Name the structure, only found in bacterial cells, that contain additional genetic information
Plasmids
290
Define term: Dominant allele
This allele will mask the presence of a recessive one
291
Is the zygote diploid or haploid?
Diploid
292
Name the female gamete produced by animals
egg / ovum
293
Blood vessels with thinner walls, a wider channel and contain valves
Veins
294
Name the two substances absorbed into the lacteal of a villus
fatty acids and glycerol
295
What are atria of the heart?
Two upper heart chambers which recieve blood returning to the heart
296
What is the purpose of a control?
to compare results of an experiment when no treatment is applied
297
Define the term haploid
Cell containing one set of chromosomes
298
Give an exapmle of a ecological barrier.
pH, salinity or different habitats
299
Function of motor neurons
To convey impulses from CNS to effectors
300
Give three reasons why mitosis is important in providing new cells
New cells are needed for growth, repair of damaged tissues and replacement of dead cells
301
Which individuals will survive and reproduce under the influence of selection pressures?
the best adapted
302
What key event happens during the process of speciation after the population has been split by an isolation barrier
different mutations in the two sub-populations
303
Give two features of passive transport.
requires no energy, movement is from high to low concentration / down a concentration gradient
304
What name is given to are organisms that by their presence or absence show environmental quality/levels of pollution ?
indicator species
305
Describe a potential error when using a ptifall trap.
no prey animals in the trap when it is checked because predators have eaten them (or suitable answer)
306
Name the male gamete produced by plants
Pollen
307
Leaf layer containing most stomata
Lower epidermis
308
Where in animals is sperm produced?
Testes
