Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology paper 1 > whole of biology paper 1 > Flashcards

whole of biology paper 1 Flashcards

(106 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are in both plant and animal cell and what are their functions?

A
  • cell membrane (control what goes in and out of cell)
  • mitochondria (respiration)
  • nucleus (stores dna)
  • ribosomes (proteinsynthesis)
  • cytoplasm (reactions happen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what else, not in an animal cell, is in a plant cell and what is their functions?

A
  • cell wall (keeps structure)
  • vacuole (cell sap)
  • chloroplasts (where photosynthesis takes place)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are in a bacterial cell and what are their functions?

A
  • cell membrane (control what goes in and out of cell)
  • cytoplasm (reactions happen)
  • chromosomal dna
  • flagella (movement)
  • ribosomes (proteinsynthesis)
  • cell wall (keep structure)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

centimetre = ?
millimetre= ?
micrometer= ?
nanometre= ?
picometer= ?

A

centimetre = 1x10^-2
millimetre= 1x10^-3
micrometer= 1x10^-6
nanometre= 1x10^-9
picometer= 1x10^-12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do different cells specialise into different things through?

A

differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the equation for magnification?

A

image size= actual size x magnification size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fill in the blanks: (how enzymes work)
the __ fits onto the __ __ of an ___ making an __ __ __ which leads to the making of __

A

the substrate fits onto the active site of an enzyme making an enzyme substrate complex which leads to the making of products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how does temperature affect the enzyme activity?

A

when the temperature is low, the enzyme activity is low due to not enough energy
when the temperature gets higher, the enzyme activity reaches the optimum (the best)
when the temperature gets too hot, the enzyme activity decreases as the enzyme has denatured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does pH affect enzyme activity?

A

if the pH is too low or too high, the enzyme activity decreases because the enzyme has denatured
if the pH reaches the optimum, the enzyme activity is at its best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does an enzyme catalyst do to a reaction?

A

speeds up the reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?

A

as the substrate concentration increases, the enzyme activity also increases but soon it stops increasing due to the active site being filled up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fill in the blanks:
lipase breaks down __ into __/__ which are made in the __ and work in the __ __

A

lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids/glycerol which are made in the pancreas and work in the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

fill in the blanks:
protease breaks down __ into __ __ which are made in the __ and work in the __ __

A

protease breaks down proteins into amino acids which are made in the pancreas and work in the small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

fill in the blanks:
amylase breaks down __ into __ which are made in the __ and work in the __ __

A

amylase breaks down starch into sugars which are made in the pancreas and work in the small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define diffusion

A

diffusion is the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define osmosis

A

osmosis is the movement of water particles from a high water concentration to a low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define active transport

A

active transport is the movement across a membrane from a low to high concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is cancer and what are the risk factors?

A

cancer is uncontrolled cell mutation
risk factors: smoking, diet, sun, unprotected sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the uses of stem cells?

A
  • treat parkinson’s disease
  • organ failure
  • bone and spinal injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the method for stem cells?

A
  • nuclei removed from egg cell
  • nuclei from patients cell inserted into empty egg
  • egg starts to develop into embryo
  • stem cells removed from embryo and turned into new cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

sexual reproduction:
advantages- genetically diverse, disease less likely to infect the whole population
disadvantages- need a mate, longer reproduction cycle

asexual reproduction:
advantages- no mate required, quicker reproduction
disadvantages- genetically identical, disease will wipe out population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the processes of mitosis?

A
  • interphase: dna gets replicated
  • prophase: chromosomes pair up and condense
  • metaphase: chromosomes meet up in the middle of the cell
  • anaphase: chromosomes move apart to each end of the cell
  • telophase: nucleus reforms
  • cytokinesis: cytoplasm splits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

mitosis: produce 2 identical daughter cells, diploid, used for growth and repair
meiosis: produces 4 different daughter cells, haploid, used for sexual reproduction (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
extracting dna from fruit (practical):
- mash up the fruit - add salt water and detergents - leave for 15 mins at 60 degrees - filter - add iced ethanol - dna floats to the top
26
what are the complimentary bases for dna?
c and g a and t
27
structure of dna:
- double helix structure into a chromosome which is in the nucleus - sugar phosphate backbone - 23 pairs, 46 in total, one from each parent
28
define gene
a stretch of dna which codes for a characteristic
29
define genome
all genes in a body
30
define gamete
a sex cell
31
define chromosome
bundled up dna
32
define alleles
different versions of genes
33
define dominant
only need one gene for this characteristic to pass down
34
define recessive
you need two identical genes for this characteristic to pass down
35
define homozygous
genes are the same
36
define heterozygous
genes are different
37
define genotype
what genes you have
38
define phenotype
what characteristics you have influenced by the environment, diet and exercise
39
what is selective breeding and what are the advantages and disadvantages?
selective breeding: breeding an animal for a particular characteristic advantages: desired characteristic being made disadvantages: may lead to health problems, lack of genetic diversity
40
define natural selection
individuals with characteristics which make them better suited to the environment and more likely to survive, reproduce and pass on their genes
41
what are the evidences for evolution?
- fossils which can show chnages and how animals are related - bacteria
42
what is the definition of health?
the physical, mental and social well-being of a person (affected by diet, exercise, community)
43
what is a pathogen?
a microorganism that causes disease e.g. virus, bacteria, fungi, protist which can be spread through air, touch, blood
44
why does the immune system produce antibodies?
to recognise pathogens faster
45
what do phagocytes do?
they are a type of white blood cell which engulf the pathogens
46
what is a vaccination?
injection given which contains small amounts or dead pathogens which allows your immune system to develop antibodies so any further infections are dealt with quickly
47
what are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination?
advantages: gives your body immunity, stops the spread of viruses disadvantages: they don’t always work, your body can be immune to them, can cause painful side effects
48
what is a communicable disease?
a disease which can spread
49
what is a non-communicable disease?
a disease which cannot spread
50
what does it mean if you are susceptible to disease?
you have a disease which puts you at a higher risk of getting another disease
51
disease: cholera type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: cholera type of pathogen: bacteria effects: diarrhoea method of spread: water
52
disease: tuberculosis type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: tuberculosis type of pathogen: bacteria effects: lung damage/coughing method of spread: air
53
disease: chalara ash dieback type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: chalara ash dieback type of pathogen: fungi effects: leaf loss method of spread: air
54
disease: malaria type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: malaria type of pathogen: protists effects: damage to blood method of spread: mosquitos
55
disease: HIV type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: HIV type of pathogen: virus effects: destroy white blood cells method of spread: body fluids
56
disease: helicobacter type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: helicobacter type of pathogen: bacteria effects: stomach ulcers method of spread: oral transmissions
57
disease: ebola type of pathogen: effects: method of spread:
disease: ebola type of pathogen: virus effects: fever method of spread: bodily fluids
58
what do antibiotics do?
they kill bacteria, the non-resistant will die and the resistant will survive
59
what do new drugs need to be tested for?
- toxicity: how much can be taken before it becomes harmful - efficiency: how well it works - dose: how much can be taken
60
how do you work out BMI?
BMI= mass/height^2
61
what causes cardiovascular disease?
- fatty deposits building up in the coronary arteries (around the heart) - leads to formation of blood clots which can block artery restricting oxygen to some cells leading them to die, if too many die it can lead to a heart attack
62
what are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease?
- smoking - high blood pressure - too much salt/fat in your diet
63
what does alcohol lead to?
- liver damage - overweight - cancer
64
what can smoking lead to?
- lung damage - cancer
65
what things do you need to do in order to get an uncontaminated culture of bacteria?
- work near a flame - work as quickly as possible - flame your inoculating loop
66
how do you test for lipids/fats?
- add ethanol - add to a test tube of distilled water, if present a white emulsion is formed on the surface
67
how do you test for starch?
- add iodine - if present, it goes black/dark blue
68
how do you test for sugar?
- add benedict’s solution and heat for 2 minutes - if it goes red, there is lots of sugar - if it goes yellow/pale green, there is little sugar
69
how do you test for protein?
- add biuret solution - if present, it goes purple
70
what are the four main sections of the brain and their roles?
- cerebral hemispheres: controls most of our senses, intelligence, personality - cerebellum (back of the brain): controls balance, walking - medulla oblongata (bottom of the brain): controls unconscious activities e.g. heart/breathing rate - hypothalamus: regulates temperature and water balance
71
what are MRI’s and how are they used?
- MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to show details of brain structure and function. - patients do a task and scientists can see which parts of the brain are active when the task is carried out.
72
what are CT scans and how are they used?
- patient lies on a bed which passes through a ring of equipment - the ring takes a series of x-rays from different angles. - these are processed by a computer to allow the doctors to see inside brains and other parts of the body.
73
what are PET scans and how are they used?
- they detect gamma rays - they are used to detect high levels of metabolic reactions inside a person - before going into the scanner the patient consumes the tracer which travels to any area of the body which has unusually high levels of metabolic reactions. - PET scans are used to detect cancers.
74
what is the 5 kingdom system that we use to classify animals into?
- animals - plants - fungi - prokaryotes - protists
75
why do we use the 5 kingdom system?
to look at what organisms are related based on sequences in dna
76
what are the advantages and disadvantages of genetic modification and what is it?
genetic modification is to alter dna to change a characteristic advantages: - it is fast and very easy - develop new medical treatment disadvantages: - very expensive - can cause health problems - can escape into environment causing other animals to be resistant
77
what is the process of bringing out new medication?
- drug is tested on human tissue - tested on live animals - tested on healthy humans - tested on ill humans - double blind trial
78
what is the job of a phagocyte
engulf pathogens
79
what is the job of lymphocytes?
produce antibodies
80
lytic pathway:
- uses host cell machinery - dna replicates itself - virus particles assemble - the cell lyses (explodes open releasing all the viruses)
81
lysogenic pathway:
- viruses material becomes part of the cell DNA - gets replicated as cell divides
82
what are the 6 key parts in an eye and what do they do?
- lens: let’s light into the eye and focuses it - iris: coloured part of your eye - pupil: hole in the middle which lets light in - cornea: helps focus light - retina: light sensitive and is filled with two types of cell (rod and cone) - optic nerve: carries messages from the retina to the brain
83
what is a rod cell?
responsible for detecting differences in light intensity, works best in dim light
84
what is a cone cell?
responsible for detecting colour, works best in bright light
85
what do meristems do in plants?
found in root and shoot tips, can differentiate, stimulate growth
86
what are the benefits and problems of research with stem cells?
benefits: - replace damaged cells in the body - treat diseases which have no cure problems: - trying to remove stem cells may cause damage to embryo - religious and ethical people mag disagree with this - costs a lot of money
87
the brain and eye diagrams labelled
do this on paper
88
what is the process of a normal action in the nervous system? (seriouslycomemineeatchicken)
electrical impulses pass through 1. stimulus 2. receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. CNS 5. motor neuron 6. effector 7. carries out the response
89
what is the process of a reflex action in the nervous system which helps prevent harm?
electrical impulses pass through 1. stimulus 2. receptor 3. sensory neuron 4. relay neuron 5. effector 6. carries out response
90
why is the reflex action faster than a normal action?
because it doesn’t pass through the central nervous system
91
what is a synapse
the gap between two neurons
92
what is the process for the transmission across a synapse?
- information travels across neurons as electrical impulses - when it reaches the end of a neuron it triggers the release of a neurotransmitter - this moves across the synapses by diffusion and binds to the receptors on the surface of the next neutrons
93
what is an effector?
which ever muscle carries out the response
94
what is a receptor?
a thing that detects a change
95
what does a myelin sheath do?
prevents the loss of electrical impulses
96
what causes short sightedness and how can it be treated?
the eyeball being elongated - so that the distance between the lens and the retina is too great. the lens being too thick and curved - so that light is focused in front of the retina. Short-sightedness can be corrected by placing a concave lens in front of the eye.
97
what causes longsightedness and what causes it?
the eyeball being too short - so the distance between the lens and retina is too small a loss of elasticity in the lens - meaning it cannot become thick enough to focus (which is often age-related) As a result, the lens focuses light behind the retina instead of onto it. Long-sightedness is corrected by putting a convex lens in front of the eye
98
what determines the amount of brain damage?
the force of impact the size or shape of the object hitting the skull the position the object hits the skull the time it takes for treatment
99
what is the problem with treating brain damage?
the brain is so delicate that it might cause more damage and affect the persons quality of life
100
what type of reaction is photosynthesis and why? what is the word equation for photosynthesis?
- endothermic reaction as heat is entering the chloroplast by light carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen
101
what are the complimentary base pairs joined by?
weak hydrogen bonds
102
how many dna codes make up one amino acid?
3
103
during dna extraction practical, why do you add ice cold ethanol
to precipitate the dna
104
what does blood carry?
oxygen and glucose for respiration
105
what are 3 treatments for cardiovascular disease?
- improve lifestyle - medication (statins) which help to reduce blood glucose - surgery: stents are added to widen the blood vessel, bypass which provides alternative root for the blood to travel around the blockages
106
how do things develop resistance to antibiotics?
mutation- a feature that makes bacteria resistant the bacteria survives, reproduces and passes on their genes to their offspring and the normal ones die caused by not finishing the course

biology paper 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions