WHOLE OF THE WOR TIMELINE Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What was Henry VI’s debt?
A
£327,000
2
Q
Who was replaced by Somerset as Lieutenant of France?
A
York
3
Q
What event is associated with the Duke of Suffolk in May 1450?
A
He was banished by Henry VI and killed by pirates of Dover.
4
Q
What was the cause of Cades Rebellion in 1450?
A
High corruption and taxation, dissatisfaction with the king and his council.
5
Q
Who led Cades Rebellion?
A
John Mortimer (Jack Cade)
6
Q
What was the Act of Resumption?
A
An attempt to restore crown lands and improve royal finances.
7
Q
What happened to Somerset after York’s demands in September 1450?
A
Somerset was imprisoned in the Tower of London.
8
Q
What did York demand upon returning to England in September 1450?
A
Reform of the commonweal, Act of Resumption, better governance.
9
Q
In 1452, why did York gather armed men?
A
Frustrated by his lack of influence and Somerset’s continued favor.
10
Q
What was the outcome of the First Battle of St Albans?
A
Yorkists won; King Henry VI was captured.
11
Q
What significant event took place on 25th October 1460?
A
Act of Accord passed, declaring York as the heir.
12
Q
What was the result of the Battle of Wakefield?
A
Lancastrian win; York and Salisbury were killed.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: Edward IV was proclaimed king on _______.
A
1st March 1461
14
Q
What phenomenon did Edward claim as a sign of divine favor before the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?
A
Parhelion Phenomenon
15
Q
True or False: Margaret of Anjou was supportive of York’s claims to the throne.
A
False
16
Q
What was a significant political action taken by Edward IV in March 1461?
A
He repudiated the Act of Accord.
17
Q
What was the fate of Somerset after the First Battle of St Albans?
A
He was killed.
18
Q
What was the main reason for Cades Rebellion?
A
Corruption and high taxation.
19
Q
Who was the Earl of Warwick?
A
He was a key Yorkist leader and was appointed Captain of Calais.
20
Q
What year did Henry VI fall into a catatonic stupor?
A
1453
21
Q
What significant event occurred on 2nd July 1460?
A
Yorkists arrived in London.
22
Q
What was the outcome of the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross?
A
Edward won his first major victory.
23
Q
What strategy did Margaret of Anjou use to increase public hostility towards the Yorkists?
A
She looted towns on her march.
24
Q
Who were the main leaders of the Yorkists at the Battle of Blore Heath?
A
Sailsbury and Warwick
25
What action did York take on 30th December 1460?
He secured a loan from Londoners.
26
Fill in the blank: The Act of Resumption aimed to restore _______.
crown lands
27
What was the significance of the Great Council in 1458?
York was blamed for the raid at Sandwich.
28
What was the primary cause of the conflict between Yorkists and Lancastrians?
Struggle for power and influence over the crown.
29
What was the main outcome of the Act of Attainder?
Stripped the Yorkist lords of titles and lands.
30
What significant event occurred on 1st March during Edward IV's rise to power?
An assembly of Lords, clergy, and Londoners proclaimed Edward IV as king
## Footnote
This marked the formal recognition of Edward IV's claim to the throne.
31
Who was welcomed as a saviour upon arriving in London?
Edward IV
## Footnote
His charisma and military mindset contributed to this perception.
32
What was the significance of the Battle of Towton?
It was the largest battle fought on English soil, with troop sizes of 50,000-60,000
## Footnote
The battle resulted in a Yorkist victory and significant casualties for the Lancastrians.
33
What major decision did Edward IV make on 4th March?
He formally claimed the throne at the age of 18
## Footnote
This included repudiating the Act of Accord.
34
Fill in the blank: The battle of Towton raged for ______ hours.
10
35
What happened to Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou after the Battle of Towton?
They fled north and then into Scotland
## Footnote
This marked a significant decline in Lancastrian power in England.
36
What did Edward IV do after the Battle of Towton?
He began handing out rewards, confiscating Lancastrian lands and redistributing them to loyal Yorkist supporters
## Footnote
This helped secure loyalty among his supporters.
37
Who did Margaret of Anjou seek help from in April?
Scottish king James III
## Footnote
She promised Carlisle but was unable to seize the town.
38
What was Edward IV's status after his coronation on 28th June?
He was fully crowned and recognized as the monarch across England
## Footnote
This followed the need for security after the Battle of Towton.
39
What did the first parliament of Edward IV achieve?
Acts of Attainder for 113 Lancastrians were passed
## Footnote
This forced the Lancastrians to be loyal to Edward IV.
40
Fill in the blank: In June 1462, Margaret promised ______ to the Scots in exchange for military help.
Berwick-Upon-Tweed
41
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Chinon on 24th June?
Margaret promised Calais to King Louis XI of France for aid
## Footnote
However, Calais was held by Warwick, making it unrealistic for Louis to gain.
42
What happened on 13th November concerning Margaret?
Margaret sailed back to Scotland to avoid being trapped by Warwick
## Footnote
A violent storm scattered her fleet.
43
Which castles were besieged by Warwick in December 1462?
Alnwick, Bamburgh, and Dustanburgh
## Footnote
These strongholds were regained without a fight initially.
44
What significant event occurred on 1st May 1464?
Edward IV secretly married Elizabeth Woodville
## Footnote
This marriage was controversial as it was done without consulting Warwick.
45
What was the result of the Battle of Hexam on 12th May?
Yorkists, led by John Neville, routed the Lancastrians
## Footnote
Many Lancastrians were captured, and executions followed.
46
Fill in the blank: Edward IV began redistributing northern lands after the Battle of Hexam, particularly forfeiting ______ lands.
Percy
47
What was the impact of Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville?
The Woodville family began gaining significant power through marriage alliances
## Footnote
This created tension with Warwick.
48
What did Edward IV do in response to the Lancastrian supporters hiding Henry VI?
He issued pardons to former rebels
## Footnote
This was an attempt to restore peace.
49
What was the significance of the marriage between Margaret of York and Charles the Bold?
It strengthened English links with Burgundy
## Footnote
A dowry of £30,000 was involved.
50
What did Warwick begin to do in 1469 that escalated tensions?
He spread propaganda about corruption at court and excessive influence of Woodville
## Footnote
This led to popular rebellions.
51
Fill in the blank: The rebel called himself 'Robin of Redesdale' and claimed to fight against ______.
evil councillors
52
What was the outcome of the Battle of Edgecote Moor?
Pembroke's forces were ambushed and routed, leading to a Lancastrian win
## Footnote
This resulted in significant casualties for the Yorkists.
53
What happened to Edward IV after he was captured in July 1469?
He was imprisoned at Warwick Castle and then moved to Middleham Castle
## Footnote
Warwick began governing in Edward's name during this time.
54
What did Edward IV do in late August 1469?
He was released by Warwick to restore order
## Footnote
Nobles were unwilling to serve without royal sanction.
55
What was the result of the Lincolnshire Rebellion in March-April 1470?
Edward IV decisively defeated the rebels at the Battle of Losecoat Field
## Footnote
Sir Robert Welles was captured and confessed Warwick's involvement.
56
What alliance was formed in May 1470?
Louis XI's France allied with Warwick and Margaret of Anjou
## Footnote
Clarence also agreed, hoping to be named Henry VI's heir.
57
What happened on 12th March during the conflict?
Battle of Losecoat field; Edward decisively defeats the rebels.
## Footnote
Sir Robert Welles is captured and confesses that Warwick and Clarence were behind the plot.
58
What actions did Edward IV take against Warwick and Clarence after the Battle of Losecoat field?
Edward publicly denounces them as traitors.
## Footnote
This occurred after Sir Robert Welles' confession.
59
What was the outcome for Warwick and Clarence in April after they fled?
They attempted to reach Calais but were refused entry on Edward's orders and were forced to sail to France.
60
What alliance was formed in May involving Warwick and Margaret of Anjou?
Louis XI of France allies with Warwick and Margaret of Anjou.
## Footnote
Clarence agrees to this alliance, hoping to be named Henry VI's heir.
61
What significant marriage occurred on 22nd July 1470
Prince Edward of Lancaster is betrothed to Anne Neville, Warwick’s daughter.
## Footnote
This is part of the Treaty of Angers.
62
What occurred in September as Warwick and Clarence landed in the West Country?
They were welcomed by disaffected Yorkists and Lancastrians, leading to rebellions in Kent, Devon, and the Welsh Marches.
63
What happened to Edward IV's army in October?
Edward's army melted away, with many refusing to fight Warwick.
64
Where did Edward IV flee to after facing capture or death?
Edward fled to Burgundy.
65
What was the status of Henry VI in October after Edward's flight?
Henry VI was restored to the throne and paraded through the streets.
66
What attempts did Warwick make in November to consolidate power?
Warwick appointed new sheriff, justices, and councillors, trying to unify Yorkists and Lancastrians.
67
What significant birth occurred on 2nd November?
Elizabeth Woodville gives birth to Prince Edward.
68
What was Edward IV's claim when he landed at Ravenspur on 14th March 1471?
He claimed he was only there to claim the duchy of York.
69
What was the outcome of the Battle of Barnet on 14th April?
Yorkists won; Warwick and John Neville were killed.
70
What happened on 4th May during the Battle of Tewkesbury?
Yorkists won; Prince Edward, John Beaufort, and Earl of Devon were killed.
71
What was the significance of the Treaty of Picquigny in August 1475?
It established a truce with France, including a pension payment to Edward.
72
What was the outcome of Clarence's actions leading to his execution in February 1478?
Parliament passed an Act of Attainder against Clarence for treasonous acts.
73
What key military event occurred in June 1482?
Gloucester captured Berwick upon Tweed after a major siege.
74
What was the state of Edward IV's health in March 1483?
Edward IV fell seriously ill.
75
What happened on April 9th, 1483?
Edward IV died.
76
What was Richard Duke of Gloucester's role after Edward IV's death?
He was named Lord Protector for Edward V.
77
What event occurred on 13th June 1483?
The Hastings Coup; Lord Hastings was arrested and executed without trial.
78
What significant event occurred on 22nd June involving Elizabeth Woodville?
Elizabeth Woodville goes into Sanctuary at Westminster Abbey with her youngest son Richard Duke of York
## Footnote
This event marks a crucial moment in the power dynamics of the period.
79
Who secured support for Richard during his rise to power?
Lord Hastings, Thomas Rotherham, and Henry Percy
## Footnote
Their support was instrumental in Richard's consolidation of power.
80
What was the Hastings Coup?
Lord Hastings is arrested and executed without trial, allegedly plotting with the Woodvilles
## Footnote
This event on 13th June indicates the violent political landscape of the time.
81
What claim did Dr. Ralph Shaa make in his sermon at St Paul’s Cross on 22nd June?
Edward IV was precontracted to Eleanor Butler before marrying Elizabeth Woodville, making Edward IV's children illegitimate
## Footnote
This claim aimed to undermine the legitimacy of Richard's predecessors.
82
When did Richard Duke of York usurp the throne, and what title did he take?
26th June, proclaimed King Richard III
## Footnote
This marked the formal beginning of Richard's reign and his attempts to solidify his claim.
83
What did the Titulus Regis accomplish?
Officially invalidated Edward IV's marriage and the legitimacy of his heirs
## Footnote
This was a crucial legal step in Richard III's justification for his rule.
84
What happened to the Princes in the Tower?
They disappeared, last seen in the Tower in late July; rumors circulated about their murder by Richard's orders
## Footnote
Their fate remains one of the enduring mysteries of English history.
85
What was the outcome of the Duke of Buckingham Rebellion?
It collapsed on 31st October, with Buckingham executed on 2nd November without trial
## Footnote
This rebellion showcased the instability of Richard's rule and the resistance he faced.
86
What was significant about the only Parliament of Richard III’s reign held in early 1484?
Over 100 attainders were issued, validating Richard's claim that Edward IV's children were illegitimate
## Footnote
This Parliament solidified Richard's position and aimed to eliminate opposition.
87
What major diplomatic move did Richard make in September 1484?
He made a deal with Pierre Landais for Henry Tudor's extradition to England
## Footnote
This move reflects Richard's ongoing concerns about Tudor's threat to his rule.
88
What was the outcome of the Battle of Bosworth on 22nd August 1485?
Richard III was killed, and Henry Tudor became King Henry VII
## Footnote
This battle marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty.
89
What was the significance of the marriage between Henry VII and Elizabeth of York?
It unified the Houses of Lancaster and York, strengthening Henry's claim
## Footnote
This marriage aimed to disarm Yorkist support and cement stability.
90
What was the Lambert Simnel conspiracy?
A plot where Simnel impersonated Edward Earl of Warwick, claiming to be the rightful heir
## Footnote
This conspiracy reflects the ongoing Yorkist claims to the throne.
91
What happened at the Battle of Stoke Field?
Henry VII's army defeated the rebels, leading to the capture of Simnel
## Footnote
This battle was significant as it ended the last major Yorkist challenge to Henry VII.
92
What was the outcome of the Yorkshire Rebellion in 1489?
Rebels were defeated, and Henry VII maintained a careful approach to governance
## Footnote
This rebellion highlighted the tensions between the North and the Crown regarding taxation.
93
Who began to pose as Richard, Duke of York in late 1490?
Perkin Warbeck
## Footnote
Warbeck's claim to be the missing prince posed a new challenge to Henry VII's rule.
94
Fill in the blank: The Titulus Regis invalidated Edward IV's marriage and declared his children _______.
illegitimate
## Footnote
This legal declaration was a cornerstone of Richard III's claim to the throne.
95
True or False: Richard III married Elizabeth of York shortly after the Battle of Bosworth.
False
## Footnote
Richard III was killed at Bosworth, and Henry VII later married Elizabeth of York.
96
What event begins the groundwork for reforms in Ireland?
Awareness of Yorkist loyalties after the Simnel affair
## Footnote
The Simnel affair was a significant uprising in 1487 that challenged Henry VII's rule.
97
Who does Perkin Warbeck claim to be?
Richard, Duke of York
## Footnote
He claims to be the younger prince in the tower, believed to be dead.
98
What is the significance of Warbeck's arrival in Cork, Ireland?
Cork is a known Yorkist stronghold
## Footnote
Warbeck's claim to be Richard of Shrewsbury is intended to rally support.
99
How does Irish support for Warbeck in 1491 compare to support for Simnel in 1487?
Irish support is limited compared to Simnel
## Footnote
This indicates that Henry VII had better control over Ireland.
100
What happens in November 1492 regarding Warbeck's status in France?
Charles VIII agrees to expel Warbeck from France
## Footnote
This is part of the Treaty of Etaples.
101
What financial arrangement was made in the Treaty of Etaples?
France to pay Henry £5,000 per year
## Footnote
This was the same pension previously paid to Edward IV.
102
What escalation occurs in 1493 with Warbeck's recognition?
Maximilian recognizes Warbeck as King Richard IV
## Footnote
This recognition is significant as it boosts Warbeck's claim.
103
What major action does Henry take against Burgundy in 1493?
Henry blocks all Anglo-Burgundian trade
## Footnote
This move poses a significant economic risk due to Burgundy being England's biggest trading partner.
104
What internal investigation does Henry launch in 1494?
A massive internal investigation into a growing domestic Yorkist plot
## Footnote
This leads to arrests of key figures associated with Warbeck.
105
What happens to Sir William Stanley in 1495?
Stanley is executed
## Footnote
His execution marks a turning point in Henry's style of rule towards authoritarianism.
106
What occurs during Warbeck's failed landing attempt in July 1495?
Warbeck's advance guards are ambushed by local militia
## Footnote
This results in 150 killed and Warbeck's refusal to land.
107
What is the outcome of Warbeck's retreat to Ireland in August 1495?
Warbeck's forces suffer heavy losses and retreat north
## Footnote
This indicates Henry's strengthened control over Ireland.
108
How does Warbeck gain support in Scotland in 1496?
James IV grants him a pension and marries him to Lady Katherine Gordon
## Footnote
Scotland seeks to weaken Henry VII by supporting Warbeck.
109
What is the result of James IV's invasion of Northumberland in September 1496?
James retreats after 4 days with no English support for Warbeck
## Footnote
Warbeck's manifesto fails to gain traction.
110
What triggers the Cornish Rebellion in June 1497?
Henry imposes a new tax to fund a retaliatory war against Scotland
## Footnote
This tax is seen as unfair by the Cornish men.
111
What happens to Warbeck during the Cornish Rebellion?
Warbeck lands in Cornwall and claims the throne as Richard IV
## Footnote
He raises a force of 6,000-8,000 rebels.
112
What is the outcome of Warbeck's campaign in Cornwall?
Warbeck abandons his army and flees to Beaulieu Abbey
## Footnote
He is captured and publicly humiliated but not yet executed.
113
What happens to Warbeck in 1498?
Warbeck attempts to flee from the royal court and is recaptured
## Footnote
He is then placed in the Tower of London under strict watch.
114
What leads to Warbeck's execution in November 1499?
He is tried for treason for plotting escape
## Footnote
His execution removes the final legitimate male Yorkist claimant on the throne.
115
What does Henry's security-first policy lead to after Warbeck's execution?
The Tudor regime ends a new phase of political stability
## Footnote
This policy becomes entrenched in Henry's rule.
