wider scholars

Question 1

natural law proponents

2

Answer 1

1. Grotius (C17 dutch ph): said natural law still works without God even though he was religious, said international law should be based on natural law
2. Grisez and Finnis: worked to revive natural law in modern times

GG

Question 2

natural law opponents

5

Answer 2

1. Bentham: dismissed natural rights as ‘nonsense upon stilts’
2. HLA Hart: challenged the idea that legal systems derive their authority from moral principles
3. Nietzsche: said natural law was based on outdated assumptions about the universe and individuals should create their own values (thus spoke zarathustra)
4. Hume: a criticism of naturalism meta-ethics, the is-ought problem and naturalistic fallacy
5. Rawls: natural law fails to account for the diversity of moral beliefs and cultural differences between people and instead argued for the ‘veil of ignorance’ (ubuntu?)

BHNHR

Question 3

kantian ethics proponents

2

Answer 3

1. Rawls: his ‘veil of ignorance’ owes much to universal law and treating persons as ends
2. Onara O’Neill: emphasised the importance of treating people as ends in themselves and focused on Kant’s idea that ethical actions must be justifiable to everyone

RO

Question 4

kantian ethics opponents

3

Answer 4

1. Nietzsche: a ‘slave morality’ that stifled human potential and creativity
2. JS Mill: emphasis on duty could neglect the well-being of individuals
3. Baron: (cont Am) said kant overlooks the context-dependent nature of ethical decisions

JNB

Question 5

proponents of utilitarianism

3

Answer 5

1. Singer: preference utilitarianism addresses the issue that we don’t all have the same understanding of pleasure. We should all be allowed to follow our preferences as long as they don’t interfere with others and also focuses more on minimising suffering
2. Popper: negative utilitarianism
3. G.E. Moore: argued against the hedonistic utilitarianism and argued for a broader understanding of ‘good’ challenging the quantitive measures of utility

PGS

Question 6

opponents of utilitarianism

Answer 6

1. Nozick: utilitarianism causes infringement on individual rights and property rather defending liberterian principles
2. Bernard Williams: utilitarianism could cause people to sacrifice their own integrity for the greater good
3. Alasdair MacIntyre: lacks a robust concept of virtues and goods and reduces morality to a mere calculus of pleasure and pain

BAN

Question 7

proponents of situation ethics

1

Answer 7

Bonhoeffer: his ideas on costly grace and responsible action seem to somewhat reflect situation ethics in sometimes acting against situation ethics to do the most loving thing

Question 8

opponents of situation ethics

Answer 8

1. Hans King, Paul Ramsey and Barth: all said it lacks solid moral foundations and warned of the dangers of situationism
2. Niebuhr: it fails to account for the complexities of human decision making
3. Pope Pius XII: in 1952 he issued a statement condemning it as incompatible with Catholic teaching

Hx3NP

Question 9

case studies for bad CSR

Answer 9

1. Rana Plaza Factory disaster in Bangladesh 2013
2. Trafigura, the obvious one and recently they paid bribes to Brazilian officials to secure business with a state owned oil company - had to pay $127 million to DOJ
3. Volskwagen fitting its cars with devices that enabled it to pass an exhaust emissions test in 2014
4. the 2016 investigation by parliament in Sports Direct that found poor conditions for workers

Question 10

case studies for whistleblowing

Answer 10

1. Erin Brockovich
2. Li Wenliang for Covid
3. Joshua Dean for boeing before one of the plane doors came off

Question 11

case studies for good CSR

Answer 11

1. cadbury building homes for its workers
2. Tony’s chocolonely
3. Lush
4. Patagonia

Question 12

difficulties of whistleblowing?

Answer 12

• they can face retaliation from colleagues, legal action and can even lose their jobs and future earnings
• the 2015 ‘freedom to speak out’ report into NHS whistleblowing found that 30% of whistleblowers felt unsafe and some had contemplated suicide

Question 13

what is a view to support Kant’s on good ethics as good business?

Answer 13

• Robert Solomon, 20th century modern American ethicist
• argued it is not possible to divide business from the rest of life
• too often people’s behaviour in their business lives bears no relation to how they act outside of work
• this should not be the case

Question 14

a way in which CSR is measured

Answer 14

• through the FTSE4Good index
• it gives companies an ESG (environmental, social and governance) rating
• this includes things like labour standards, water use and anti-corruption

Question 15

what is a way of measuring CSR

Answer 15

• ESG (environmental, social and governance)
• Corporate Sustainability Responsibility Directive law that holds all large and listed companies to account in the UK and EU that has mandated ESG reporting annually
• requires them to report on the European sustainibility reporting standards, like labour standards, water use and anti-corruption

Question 16

challengers of CSR

Answer 16

• Milton Friedman
• Ayn Rand
• Robert Nozick

Question 17

three bible quotes to support the principle of sanctity of life

Answer 17

1. ‘you shall not murder’ - Exodus
2. ‘the Lord gave, and the Lord has taken away’ - Job
3. before you were born…

Question 18

those against sanctity of life

Answer 18

1. Peter Singer - his five quality of life commandments
2. Jonathon Glover - there should be assessments when people want to die e.g. on their mental health

Question 19

examples of euthanasia?

Answer 19

1. Tony Bland after the Hillsborough disaster

Question 20

scholar on active v passive euthanasia

Answer 20

James Rachels
- questions whether the difference between actively killing and passively letting someone die is helpful
- someone is to inherit a fortune if their nephew dies, he either drowns him in the bath as an ‘act’ or watches his nephew drown and does nothing about it as an ‘omission’
- is there really a difference, legally yes but morally?

Question 21

those opposed to euthanasia

2

Answer 21

Daniel Callahan (C21 Am ph)
- opposed to euthanasia on the grounds of sanctity of life, says that it undermines societal respect for life in general

John Keown
- pointed out the slippery slope to involuntary euthanasia

Question 22

those in favour of euthanasia

Answer 22

Derek Humphry

• founder of organisations advocating for the right to die with dignity
• he has written extensively on the topic of euthanasia and assisted dying and particularly emphasises the choice to alleviate the suffering of terminally ill individuals

Question 23

proponents of naturalism

Answer 23

Peter Railton
- cont Am ethicist
- believes truths can be discovered through science

F.H. Bradley
- Victorian British philosopher
- argues that moral duties come from our positions in life
- reflects outdated victorian class divisions

Question 24

proponents of non-cognitive theories

Answer 24

Charles L. Stevenson
- C20 Am ph
- “moral judgements are not statements of fact but are expressions of attitude, intended to influence action”

R.M. Hare
- C20 Br ph
- moral judgements are universal prescriptions not just expressions

Question 25

critics of naturalism

Answer 25

**JL Mackie** - wrote 'ethics: inventing right and wrong' - he argued against moral naturalism saying that moral properties are not reducible to natural properties ## Footnote quite like Hume's is-ought problem

Question 26

proponents of intuitionism

Answer 26

- H.A. Pritchard responded to the criticism that people's intuitions differ by saying that some people just have better intuition than others - this is such a weak argument though...

Question 27

four working principles?

Answer 27

1. pragmatism 2. positivism 3. personalism 4. relativism

Question 28

three examples of the six working principles?

Answer 28

1. love is acted situationally not 2. love is the only thing that is intrinsically good 3. justice is love distributed

Question 29

what is the doctrine of the double effect

Answer 29

when a complex action produces several effects - as long as the intended effect is good then that's all that matters | intention matters

Question 30

who takes a biological view of conscience

Answer 30

**Dawkins** - cooperation and treating others well is a desirable trait that has been passed down through evolution

Question 31

who takes an alternative pyschological view of conscience

Answer 31

**Fromm** - the authoritarian and humanistic consciences - 20th century psychologist **Piaget** - would support this view, morality starts as a rigid obedience to authority that evolves to a more autonomous approach ## Footnote both disagreed with Freud that it was entirely unconscious

Question 32

What scholars view conscience as a voice from God/a guiding principle from God | 5

Answer 32

**Augustine of Hippo** - Believed that conscience is the voice of God speaking within us, guiding our moral choices **More** - when he wouldn't carry out the wishes of HVIII **Martin Luther** - Views conscience as a place of struggle between God’s Law and human sinfulness, emphasising faith and grace **Dietrich Bonhoeffer** - Discusses conscience as an awareness of God and the call of responsibility towards others **Cardinal Newman** - Emphasised the personal, intuitive aspect of conscience as the voice of God in the soul of each individual

Question 33

a last alternative approach to conscience from within the church

Answer 33

Dennis McNamara | cont philosopher ## Footnote - explored how our consciences relate to the authority of the church - the importance of a balance between personal decisions and consciences but also obeying the teachings of the church