Wild Game Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Name 5 benefits of controlled hunting:
A
- Pest control (pigeons)
- Population control (deer)
- Two million hectares are actively managed for conservation as a result of shooting
- Shooting is involved in the management of 2/3 of rural land area
- Shoot providers spend nearly £250 million a year on conservation.
2
Q
How much do shooters spend a year on goods and services?
A
£2.5 billion
3
Q
How many full time jobs does shooting support?
A
74, 000
4
Q
How much is shooting worth to the economy?
A
£2 billion
5
Q
What what happen if deer populations were not controlled?
A
They would die by disease or starvation, or there would be too many of them - last wolf died in 1746.
6
Q
Name 2 advantages of farmed game?
A
- The meat keeps its organoleptic wild-game qualities regardless of the food.
- It is available year round, not just during hunting season.
7
Q
How many deer farms in the UK and which breeds mainly?
A
33 000 and mainly Red deer and Farrow deer.
8
Q
where does most wild boar meat come from in the UK?
A
It is farmed.
9
Q
What % of wild birds in the UK originate from holdings where they were reared/farmed?
A
80%
10
Q
Name the 4 main sub-products of wild game?
A
- Velvet antler (used in oriental medicine)
- Leather (better strength and can be processed to very thin leather)
- Feathers
- Meat
11
Q
Which law sets the general food law requirements, including trace ability of food, feed and food producing animals?
A
(EC) 178/2002
12
Q
Which regulation sets general hygiene rules applying to all food businesses?
A
(EC) 182/2004
13
Q
Which regulation sets additional hygiene rules to businesses producing food of animal origin? Which section covers wild game in AGHEs (Approved Game Handling Establishments).
A
(EC) 183/2004
- section IV, Annex III
14
Q
What does AGHE mean?
A
Approved Game Handling Establishments.
15
Q
Name two additional acts which apply to game meat?
A
Animal Welfare Act 2006.
Transport regulations and Regulation 2073/ 2005 on microbiological criteria for foodstuffs.
16
Q
what is a domestic soliped mean?
A
Domestic horses
17
Q
Which animals are included under the term ‘domestic ungulates’
A
Cows, pigs, sheep, goats and horses.
18
Q
What is a ratite?
A
A bird without a keel, a flat breast bone and therefore unable to fly.
19
Q
What is included under the term ‘lagomorph’?
A
Rabbits, hares and rodents.
20
Q
What is included under the term ‘wild game’?
A
Wild ungulates and lagomorphs and wild birds.
21
Q
What is ‘small wild game’?
A
Game birds and lagomorphs shot freely in the wild.
22
Q
‘Large wild game’
A
Land mammals that do not fall under small wild game.
23
Q
What does ‘farmed game’ mean?
A
Means farmed ratites and farmed land animals other than domestic ungulates.
24
Q
What does ‘farmed game’ not include?
A
Domestic ungulates and birds (chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, partridge, quail, pigeons and pheasants) that fall under the poultry definition.
25
What is an AGHE?
Authorised Game Handling Establishment where processing of wild meat occurs and where the inspection will be carried out by an OV or MHI (from the FSA).
26
What does park game mean?
Normally refers to deer herds that roam freely in protected parkland. This is wild game, not farmed game.
27
What is farmed game?
Traditionally wild animals e.g. mammals and ratites, which are kept as domestic animals.
28
Wild game definition?
Animals that were living in the wild when they were hunted (might have been hatched/reared in farm-like conditions before introduced to the wild).
29
What kind of game is fit for human consumption?
ONLY wild game killed by hunters.
30
Name a feature of game meat to look at?
It is traditionally darker than turkey or chicken meat.
31
If the meat is farmed and killed at an abattoir, who carries out the AM and PM?
AM - OV
| PM - OV/MHI
32
If farmed and killed on farm, who does the AM and PM?
AM - AV (authorised veterinarian) or OV
| PM - OV or MHI at the approved abattoir.
33
Who carries out AM inspection of wild game?
An AM is not done, but a declaration from the hunter is needed in large wild game.
34
Who carries out PM of large wild game?
Only OV/MHI if taken to an AGHE. In other circumstances, PM completed by trained hunter in the field.
35
Small wild game PM?
Completed by OV/MHI in 5% carcasses submitted per batch to an AGHE.
36
What do we rely on in terms of pathology and testing?
the trained person's honesty.
37
How should wild boars and deer be identified as farm animals?
Deer should be tagged and wild boar slap marked.
38
Which regulation is the movement of live farmed game subject to?
Welfare at Transport regulations
39
What is the FCI if the Farmed Game animals are killed at the farm?
Health Certificate
40
Is FCI needed for WIld Game Animals?
No, but need Hunter's declaration/ Trained person Declaration in Large Wild Game. Not needed in small game, although recommended.
41
What legislation applies if you shoot wild game for private consumption or small quantities to local retailers?
No legislation applies.
If supplying small quantities to final consumer or local retailer, should be registered with LA.
42
What legislation applied if you supply game to AGHE?
Need to be registered with local authority and comply with regulations.
43
Is an OV required for AM of farmed game?
Yes, always.
44
What if you are not the hunter, but the transporter of game meat to a AGHE?
You must comply with hygiene regulations regarding transport, need to be registered with LA and must ensure the trained declaration is available for the FBO at the AGHE.
45
What is needed if you shoot and cook game, and supply to final consumer?
Must inform the LA and comply with hygiene requirements and have a HACCP system.
46
What about if your main business is preparing game and selling onwards?
- you are a FBO
- must contact FSA to obtain AGHE license
- comply with hygiene and HACCP system
- Only accept large game that has been examined by a trained person.
47
What should a trained person have?
Sufficient knowledge of the pathology of wild game, and the production and handling of wild game meat after hunting.
48
Is the trained person always the hunter?
No, but the hunter needs to report to the trained person any abnormal behaviour before killing.
49
Where is training too become a trained person offered?
Lantra, or the National Gamekeepers Organisation (NGO).
50
Who automatically qualifies as a trained person?
Qualified professionals such as vets, doctors, environmental health officers or MHI
51
Name 6 things that must be in documentation, except for private consumption?
1. Trained Hunter declaration/Trainer person declaration
2. Date, Time and place of killing
3. must state: No suspiscion of environmental contamination
4. no abnormal behaviour was observed before killing
5. Numbered
6. attach to carcass, or clearly correlate the relevant carcass.
52
What has to be identified with a number?
Each trained person has a unique license number that has to be in the declaration.
The carcasses also have to be identified with a number.
53
Name 7 things on a declaration form which are required by law?
1. Declaration number
2. Time shot
3. Date shot
4. Location
5. Declare that no abnormal behaviour was observed and no environmental contamination
5. Vehicle registration number
6. Species
7. Quantitity
54
What documentation is required with small game?
No declaration required, except abnormal behaviour, characteristics or environmental contamination reported to OV at the AGHE.
55
What is wild boar susceptible to and what needs to accompany the body to the AGHE?
Trichinellosis - the head (not tusks) and diaphragm.
56
Does the head and viscera need to accompany deer with a trained person declaration?
No
57
What must accompany the body when there is no trained person declaration (unexpectedly unavailable)?
The head (not antlers and horns), the heart, lungs and liver, but not the stomach and intestines.
58
What is routinely tested for in boars at an AGHE?
Trichinella
59
What must be available at the AGHE where different animal species are slaughtered?
Separate facilities for the reception and storage of unskinned carcasses of farmed game slaughtered at the farm or wild game.
60
How often does the MHI and OV need to attend the AGHE plant?
MHI - every day for one hour during operating days.
OV - once a month or when required.
61
Name 4 AGHE specific requirements?
1. separation of skinned/unskinned
2. separation of large/small wild game
3. ABP don't need staining and no SRM
4. Recieve daily inspections from MHI and monthly from OV.
62
Name 4 general requirements of the AGHE?
1. All pre-requisites and temperature requirements (7C large game, 4C small game and 3C offal).
2. HACCP
3. Traceability
4. Audited by a vet from the FSA.
63
Name three regions where there are localised populations of wild boar?
1. Kent/ Sussex border
2. West Doreset
3. Forest of Dean/ Ross on Wye
64
Is wild boar native to the UK?
No
65
Give an example of when sheep might be treated as wild game?
Soay sheep in the Island of Lundy
66
Name the 6 steps of hunting?
1. stalking
2. AM inspection
3. laying a feed trail
4. Gun and shooting
5. Bleeding
6. Dressing - hunter inspection.
67
What 5 things is a hunter looking for when stalking?
1. alertness
2. carriage of head
3. limbs
4. general condition
5. quality of movement
68
How are animals that are recieved alive killed at the AGHE?
They are shot - shot to kill not to stun.
69
Name three things that have to occur following shooting?
1. bled immediately
2. tie oesophagus to avoid stomach contents contaminating carcass
3. free anus by cutting in a full circle.
70
Where is the ideal shot and what is the risk with this?
The head, however could miss and hit mandible and deer alive but serious welfare implications.
71
Where is the easiest place to shoot and what are the problems with this?
The heart - carcasses may suffer haemorrhage into the chest cavity therefore chest needs to be opened and drained.
72
What is the problem with neck shots?
Risks a quadriplegic or paraplegic, but conscious deer.
73
what is an advantage for neck shot?
Improves carcass quality.
74
Name 9 things that must be examined when dressing the carcass?
1. Age and sex of the deer
2. state of nutrition
3. evidence of bruising or haemorrhage
4. any faecal contamination or decomposition
5. local or general oedema?
6. efficiency of bleeding
7. swelling, deformity or other abnormalitity of bones, joints of musculature
8. abnormal consistency or colour
9. condition of pleura and peritoneum
75
What 2 other things do hunters have to look for when inspecting the carcass?
Sings of veterinary drug residues or poisoning from environmental pesticides or contamination.
signs of disease - carcass rejected and organs/head sent to AGHE for OV inspection.
76
What must not be overlooked in the case or sick dead or dead animals found in the wild?
Anthrax.
77
What are you examining in spleen and what for?
Examine surface and size.
- suspect anthrax if enlarged and very dark in colour. might be bleeding from orifices.
- enlarged spleen may be result of seasonal changes or past infection.
78
What examining for in liver and why?
1. portal lymph nodes, surface and substance.
| - liver fluke, tuberculosis, hepatitis, cysticercus tenuicollis, hydatid cyst, fatty change, tumours, abscesses.
79
What examining for in lungs and why?
Examine right and left bronchial lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes and palpate lungs
- pneumonia, pleurisy, tuberculosis, hydatid cysts, lung worm, tumours and abscesses.
80
What examine for in heart and why?
Open pericardium and examine heart muscle.
- pericarditis, septic-pericarditis and cysts.
81
What examine kidneys for and why?
Examine external surface
- hydronephrosis, nephritis and cysts
82
Why examine reproductive organs
tumours, abscesses, retained foeti
83
Examine what of the head and why?
Examine lips and tongue, jaw bones, retropharyngeal and submaxillary LNs.
- FMDV, actinomycosis, TB, abscesses and actinobacillosis
84
why examine feet?
examine between cleats of feet
- FMDV
85
What to look for on outside of carcass?
Abscesses, TB, bruising, oedema, pyrexia, emaciation
86
what needs to happen to deer heads if any part is used for human consumption?
Flayed - strip the skin off.
87
what generally happens to the heads?
They do not enter the AGHE according to hygiene regulations - hunters normally keep the heads as trophies.
88
who should be contacted if there is suspected notifiable disease e.g. TB or FMDV?
VMD at APHA.
89
what is actinomycosis commonly known as?
lumpy jaw
90
What is actinomyces caused by?
Actinomyces bovis (Gram +ve, facultative anaerobe)
91
What is Actinobacilosis known as and what causes it?
Wooden tongue - Actinobacillus ligneresiand.
92
Which two parasites are found in the lungs of deer?
Dictyocaulus viviparus and D. eckerty.
93
Where is the warble fly a notifiable disease as of when?
Scotland - 2015.
94
What is the name of warble fly?
Hypoderma bovis.
95
What happens if you find warble fly in this country?
Partial rejection so trun affected skin and muscle and bury on site.
96
What is an exception in the ABP legislation?
Wild game ABP can be buried.
97
Is road kill allowed to enter the human food chain? why not?
No
-animal health status unknown and no AM or health check done.
98
Name 9 notifiable diseases of wild boar?
1. FMDV
2. Classical swine fever
3. African swine fever
4. Anthrax
5. Swine vesicular disease
6. Teschen disease
7. Vesicular stomatitis
8. Aujesky's disease
9. Tuberculosis
99
What is a rule regarding Tb?
All abcessed lesions must be regarded as TB.
100
What are the 4 notifiable diseases of deer?
1. Tb
2. Bluetonge
3. FMDV
4. Epizootic Haemorrhagic Virus disease
101
what strain of TB is common in deer?
Avian TB
102
are caseified lesions more of less commonly observed in TB in deer than cattle?
Less commonly observed.
103
In roe deer, where might TB lesions calcify?
Lungs, spleen and liver.
104
Where do TB lesions normally appear?
Visceral lymph nodes, lungs and kidneys.
105
Who to contact about notifiable diseases?
DMV (Divisional Veterinary Manager) from the APHA
106
Name 3 additional ND in deer?
1. Brucellosis
Anthraz (never been recorded in deer in the UK) - need to check spleen and offal for congestion.
3. CWD
107
name another important disease that is vector-transmitted?
Lyme disease - borrelia burgdorferi
108
Is there any SRM in Game animals?
No
109
What are ABP exempt from?
Staining and can be disposed of in the field.
110
Name 6 stages when the game arrives at the AGHE?
1. head removal and inspection
2. carcass dressing on a cradle
3. Legging, skinning and bunging
4. Evisceration and gut inspection
5. Red offal ('pluck') inspection
6. Chilling
111
What might a hunter like to inspect when the deer is in the field to gauge the age of the animal?
Checking the molar teeth wear.
112
What is gralloching?
Incising the abdominal skin to one side of the pizzle, and abdominal muscles.
113
what can be incised following gralloching?
Mesenteric lymph nodes.
114
Name 5 features that need to be established in the larder?
1. hygiene (prerequisites/GHP)
2. separation fur/ feathered and eviscerated/uneviscerated
3. ventilation
4. Traceability
5. Inspections by LA
115
What should ideally be separated in different rooms and why?
small and large game so that eviscerated large game is not contaminated by small game.
116
Name two types of hares:
Brown hare and mountain hare.
117
What is the field proceedure for small wild game?
they are shot but no gralloching performed in the field
118
what temperature do you want small game to be at?
4 degrees celcius
119
name 3 common reasons small wild game is rejected?
Mould, decomposition and fly strike.
120
where should any suspicion of problems in the larder be reported to?
Local authorities as they supervise larders.
121
Name 4 hygienic aspects of the game larder?
1. should be refrigerated
2. adequate hanging space for the number expected
3. pets and rodent proofing
4. traceability system to identify the day and location of the shoot.
122
what about when no larders available?
Transport the product for processing within a reasonable timescale.
123
What is the maximum time allowed in domestic animals between the farm and the abattoir following emergency slaughter?
2 hours.
124
Does small wild game require a health declaration?
No, but it is recommended to improve traceability.
125
What needs to happen to damaged birds before plucking?
they need to be removed.
126
What happens to birds after they have been plucked?
They are waxed and flamed.
127
Name 8 good features of plucking?
1. avoid breaking skin
2. provide supervision and use trained/experienced staff
3. separation of plucked/unplucked birds
4. clean feathers away at regular intervals during processing
5. provide adequate hand washing facilities in the de-feathering area
6. staff all wash hands at regular intervals
7. staff should wear PPE and clean themselves down regularly
8. should be in good condition and proofed against pests.
128
Name 10 common issues at PMI in game birds?
1. decomposition
2. fungal growth
3. fly strike
4. contamination
5. damage e.g. foreign bodies
6. abnormal odour
7. abnormalities of joints
8. oedema/ ascities
9. emaciation
10. generalised tumours and abscesses
129
In small wild game, how many are inspected?
Either 50 animals or 5% (whichever is higher)
130
name 8 other issues which could affect wild game birds?
1. bumblefoot
2. coccidiosis
3. septicaemia
4. histomoniasis (black head)
5. fleas, lice and mites
6. avian TB (only on eviscerated birds)
7. trauma
8. dog bites
131
Name 2 features which identify histomoniasis?
enlarged caeca and typical liver leisons.
132
What causes bumblefoot?
Staphylococcal bacteria.
133
Name 3 ND in small wild game birds?
1. Newcastle disease
2. Avian influenza
3. Paramyxovirus in pigeons
134
Are there any ND in lagomorphs?
no
135
When should you report dead birds to DEFRA?
If you find 5 or more wild dead birds in the same location.
136
Name 4 zoonotic diseases which can be transmitted by lagomorphs?
1. Q fever
2. Lyme disease
3. Campylobacter
4. Salmonella
137
What mark is applied on inspected boar, small game and meat carcasses?
Oval Health Mark
138
What information does the health mark contain?
- UK
- Producer identification
- EC
