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Systemic Pathology II > Wildlife Diseases, Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Wildlife Diseases, Pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What causes ranavirosis? What species are affected?

A

dsDNA Ranavirus (Iridoviridae) - Frog virus 3

all cold-blooded vertebrates: turtles*, frogs, chameleons, fish, lizards

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2
Q

What is the significance of ranavirosis?

A

it causes incredible mortalities in tadpoles and salamanders in North America, leading to population collapse and potential extinction

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3
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of infection of ranavirosis?

A
  1. cannibalism (common in tadpoles)
  2. infected water/substrate - adults are carriers, breed in vernal pools, shed virus, and virus remains for years
  3. skin injuries
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4
Q

What are the 5 steps to ranavirosis pathogenesis?

A
  1. virus enters (oral, respiratory, cutaneous) and replicates in the immediate epithelium or endothelium
  2. viremia is caused due to WBC (lymphocyte, macrophage) trafficking, leading to systemic spread
  3. virus replicates in distant epithelium, WBCs, and endothelial cells
  4. epithelia, endothelia, and WBCs (mostly in BM) become necrotic
  5. death
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5
Q

What are the main differences in ranavirosis clinical signs in reptiles and amphibians? What is seen in both?

A

REPTILES = fibrinonectrotic plaques in oral mucosa
AMPHIBIANS (wood frogs) = oral hemorrhage, skin hyperemia (red leg)

  • anorexia, depression
  • cervical and palpebral edema
  • nasal exudate (serous to caseous)
  • respiratory distress
  • IC inclusions in circulating WBCs
  • increased skin shedding
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6
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle:

A

oral fibrinonecrotic plaques + caseous exudate

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7
Q

Ranavirosis, frog:

A

skin hyperemia and hemorrhage

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8
Q

Ranavirosis, WBC:

A

monocyte with IC inclusions

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9
Q

How do the gross findings with ranavirosis compare in reptiles and amphibians?

A

REPTILES = caseous exudate in oral cavity and/or nasal cavity with necrosis in various organs, mostly the liver and kidney

AMPHIBIANS = hemorrhages in oral cavity, skin, and GI, pinpoint liver necrosis, and splenomegaly

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10
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle gross findings:

A

fibrinonecrotizing glossitis = plaques + hemorrhage

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11
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle histology:

A

fibrinonecrotizing stomatitis with plaques

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12
Q

Ranavirosis, wood frog gross findings:

A

hemorrhages in GIT wall and skin petecchia

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13
Q

Ranavirosis, wood frog gross findings:

A

splenomegaly + skin ecchymoses

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14
Q

How does the histopathology in ranavirosis compare in reptiles and amphibians?

A

REPTILES = mucosal necrosis with fibrinonecrotic plaques and secondary bacterial infections, vascular fibrinoid necrosis and vasculitis, hepatic and biliary duct necrosis, IC inclusions in WBCs

AMPHIBIANS = oral and nasal necrosis, vascular fibinoid necrosis and vasculitis, glomerular necrosis* and tubular degeneration, BM/hepatic/splenic necrosis, IC inclusions in WBCs

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15
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle histopathology:

A

fibrinonecrotizing stomatitis

  • epithelium replaced by fibrin
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16
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle histo:

A
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17
Q

Ranavirosis, box turtle histology:

A

fibrinonecrotizing stomatitis

  • ulcer + plaque
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18
Q

Ranavirosis, chameleon:

A

necrotizing hepatitis

  • liquefactive: decreased architecture
19
Q

Ranavirosis, chameleon liver:

A

biliary duct necrosis with (blue/purple) IC inclusions

20
Q

Ranavirosis, wood frog vasculitis:

A

fibrinoid necrosis

  • vessel edges expanded by fibrin
21
Q

What organ is most commonly affected by ranavirosis in amphibians?

A

KIDNEY —> glomerular necrosis = “confetti” of cells

22
Q

Ranavirosis, wood frog kidney:

A

glomerular necrosis with confirmatory IHC

23
Q

How is ranavirosis diagnosed? What needs to be ruled out in turtles and frogs?

A

characteristic clincal signs, gross lesions, and histopathology + PCR, IHC

  • TURTLES = herpesvirus and Mycoplasma agassizzii form similar oral mucosa lesions
  • FROGS = bacterial septicemia also causes red leg (uncommon in the wild)
24
Q

How can captive and free-range spread of ranavirosis be controlled?

A

CAPTIVE - quarantine

FREE-RANGE - field hygiene, avoid transportation of (commonly subclinical) carriers to limit passing between vernal pools

25
Q

What causes white-nose syndrome? What species are affected?

A

Pseudogymnoascus destructans

North American (hibernating) bats

26
Q

Where was the first case of white-nose syndrome in the US documented?

A

Howe’s cave, NY —> likely a traveler from Europe didn’t clean their boots

27
Q

What bats are affected by white-nose syndrome? What are the 5 steps to its pathogenesis?

A

hibernating bats ONLY (no signs in non-hibernating bats)

  1. transmitted by direct contact
  2. fungus infects skin of face and wings
  3. irritation interrupts torpor more frequently, causing energy reserves to become spent before the winter is over and increased water loss through wing membranes
  4. bats leave hibernating site too early (still in the winter)
  5. death occurs from emaciation (no insects to feed on)
28
Q

What are the 2 major clinical signs of white-nose syndrome?

A
  1. dead/emaciated bats at the entrance of caves or abandoned mines
  2. bats in caves with white filaments that obscure the muzzle and wings
29
Q

White-nose syndrome:

A

fungal growth (plaques) on wing membrane

30
Q

What is seen in survivors of white-nose syndrome?

A

discoloration or tears in wings and patagium seen in bats in the summer

  • immune system goes into overdrive and increased number of neutrophils directed to the wings causes damage
31
Q

What is characteristically seen on histology of hibernating bats with white-nose syndrome?

A

cup-like erosions of wing membrane skin with fungal hyphae and possible abundant hyphal growth and invasion of dermis

  • minimal inflammatory reaction due to hibernating status
32
Q

What is the characteristic structure of the arthrospores seen on histology of white-nose syndrome/

A

comma

33
Q

What is seen on histology of non-hibernating bats with white-nose syndrome?

A

neutrophilic dermatitis with crust of hyphae formation

  • late spring/summer (exaggerated immune response)
34
Q

How is white-nose syndrome diagnosed? Prevented? Controlled?

A

characteristic clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology + PCR, fungal culture

decontamination of equipment between caves

nothing really works - bats move between caves

35
Q

What causes squirrel fibromatosis? What species are affected? What must be ruled out?

A

dsDNA Leporipoxvirus (squirrel fibroma virus)

American eastern gray, western gray, red, and fox squirrels

squirrelpox virus (and rabbit/shope fibroma virus), which is suppurative, mild in NA grey, and lethal in UK red squirrels

36
Q

In what 2 ways is squirrel fibromatosis transmitted? What are the 3 steps to its pathogenesis?

A

arthropods (biting insects), direct contact

  1. virus infects epithelial (mucosal) cells and fibroblasts, forming local neopastic cell proliferation = fibromas (fibropapillomas)
  2. viremia or repeated exposure causes multiple lesions to form
  3. spontaneous regression = healing
37
Q

Squirrel fibromatosis, gross lesion:

A

nodules throughout the skin = fibromas

38
Q

How are the dermis and epidermis affected by squirrel fibromatosis?

A

DERMIS = non-encapsulated mesenchymal cells arranged in interweaving bundles with fine collagenous stroma, rare mitotic figures, and IC inclusions (fibromas) with lymphocyte and plasma cell inflammation

EPIDERMIS = hyperplastic with IC inclusions, ulceration, and bacterial colonies

39
Q

Squirrel fibromatosis, histopathology:

A

dermal FIBROMAS

40
Q

Squirrel fibromatosis, histo:

A

increased interweaving fibroblasts with hyperplastic epidermis

41
Q

Squirrel fibromatosis, fibroma:

A

interweaving fibroblasts with pink IC inclusions

42
Q

Squirrel fibromatosis, epidermis:

A

hyperplastic with pink IC inclusions

43
Q

How is squirrel fibromatosis diagnosed? How is it differentiated from squirrelpox virus?

A

characteristic clinical signs, gross lesions, and histopathology + PCR, virus isolation

squirrelpox virus causes systemic spread and is deadly to UK red squirrels

44
Q

How is squirrel fibromatosis prevented/controlled? Squirrelpox virus?

A

avoid introduction of species to non-invasive habitats

avoid feeding grey and red squirrels together

Systemic Pathology II (24 decks)

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